2. AP Biology Schedule for today, 10/6  Lecture (quick) on Ch. 4  There is one slide you will need to copy so be prepared with paper  Review of expectations of scientific new articles  Overview of Macromolecules project  Form groups for project  Begin work on projects

3. AP Biology 2007-2008 Chemistry of Carbon Building Blocks of Life

4. AP Biology Why study Carbon?  All of life is built on carbon  Cells  ~72% H 2 O  ~25% carbon compounds  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids  ~3% salts  Na, Cl, K…

5. AP Biology Chemistry of Life  Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds  C atoms are versatile building blocks  6 valence e-, 2 in 1 st shell making it full, 4 in 2 nd shell, each available for bonding  4 stable covalent bonds HH C H H

6. AP Biology Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys

7. AP Biology Hydrocarbons  Combinations of C & H  non-polar  not soluble in H 2 O  hydrophobic  stable  very little attraction between molecules  a gas at room temperature methane (simplest HC)

8. AP Biology Hydrocarbons can grow

9. AP Biology Basic Naming Rules of Hydrocarbons # of Carbons in backbone Name in prefix 1Meth- 2Eth- 3Prop- 4But- 5Pent- 6Hex- 7Hept- 8Oct- 9Non- 10Dec-  Alkanes  Have single bonds  Denoted by suffix “-ane”  Formulas fit a C n H 2n+2 rule  Alkenes  Have double bonds  Denoted by suffix “-ene”  Formulas fit a C n H 2n rule  Alkynes  Have triple bonds  Denoted by suffix “-yne”  Formulas fit a C n H 2n-2 rule

10. AP Biology Isomers  Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes)  different chemical properties  different biological functions 6 carbons

11. AP Biology Form affects function  Structural differences create important functional significance  amino acid alanine  L-alanine used in proteins  but not D-alanine  medicines  L-version active  but not D-version  sometimes with tragic results… stereoisomers

12. AP Biology Form affects function  Thalidomide  prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s  reduced morning sickness, but…  stereoisomer caused severe birth defects

13. AP Biology Diversity of molecules  Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon  ethane vs. ethanol  H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)  nonpolar vs. polar  gas vs. liquid  biological effects! ethane (C 2 H 6 ) ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH)

14. AP Biology Functional groups  Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions  give organic molecules distinctive properties hydroxyl amino carbonyl sulfhydryl carboxyl phosphate  Affect reactivity  makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic  increase solubility in water

15. AP Biology Viva la difference!  Basic structure of male & female hormones is identical  identical carbon skeleton  attachment of different functional groups  interact with different targets in the body  different effects

16. AP Biology Hydroxyl  –OH  organic compounds with OH = alcohols  names typically end in -ol  ethanol

17. AP Biology Carbonyl  C=O  O double bonded to C  if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde  if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone

18. AP Biology Carboxyl  –COOH  C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group  compounds with COOH = acids  fatty acids  amino acids

19. AP Biology Amino  -NH 2  N attached to 2 H  compounds with NH 2 = amines  amino acids  NH 2 acts as base  ammonia picks up H + from solution

20. AP Biology Sulfhydryl  –SH  S bonded to H  compounds with SH = thiols  SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins

21. AP Biology Phosphate  –PO 4  P bound to 4 O  connects to C through an O  lots of O = lots of negative charge  highly reactive  transfers energy between organic molecules  ATP, GTP, etc.

22. AP Biology 2007-2008 Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life

23. AP Biology Macromolecules  Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules  macromolecules  4 major classes of macromolecules:  carbohydrates  lipids  proteins  nucleic acids

24. AP Biology H2OH2O HO H HH Polymers  Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain  monomers  building blocks  repeated small units  covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

25. AP Biology H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer  Synthesis  joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out  one monomer donates OH –  other monomer donates H +  together these form H 2 O  requires energy & enzymes enzyme Dehydration synthesis Condensation reaction You gotta be open to “bonding!

26. AP Biology H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer  Digestion  use H 2 O to breakdown polymers  reverse of dehydration synthesis  cleave off one monomer at a time  H 2 O is split into H + and OH –  H + & OH – attach to ends  requires enzymes  releases energy Breaking up is hard to do! Hydrolysis Digestion enzyme

27. AP Biology 2007-2008 Any Questions??