1. Organic Nomenclature Alkanes
SWBAT: Name alkanes with alkyl groups

2. Organic Chemistry
The study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (synthesis) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons and their derivatives

3. Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are compounds consisting of nonmetals (hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, the halogens, phosphorus, silicon and sulfur) with carbon
Due to carbon’s hybrid bonding orbitals, organic molecules have a variety of configurations
The types of atoms bonded to the carbon atoms will ultimately determine function and properties of the compound

4. Organic vs. Inorganic General Comparison
Organic Compounds
Inorganic Compounds
Mostly covalent bonding
Low boiling pt
Low melting pt
High flammability
Most are nonpolar
Not soluble in water unless a polar group is present
Do not conduct electricity
Many ionic, some covalent
High boiling pt
High melting pt
Low flammability
Most are ionic or polar covalent
Most are soluble in water unless nonpolar
Conduct electricity

5. Hydrocarbons
A hydrocarbon chain is a series of carbons bonded together with numerous hydrogen's attached
Includes Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Cyclical HC
Use certain prefixes for naming to indicate chain length

6. Alkane Formulas and Names
Strings, branches of carbons with single bonds between C
Essentially many CH4 reacted together
Formula rules: CnHn+2
CH2 – methylene unit
Names: Prefixes indicate # of C followed by -ane

7. Homologous series of the first 12 linear alkanes
Methane (meth=1) CH4
Ethane (eth =2) C2H6
Propane (prop=3) C3H8
Butane (but=4) C4H10
Pentane (pent=5) C5H12
Hexane (hex=6) C6H14
Heptane (hept=7) C7H16
Octane (oct=8) C8H18
Nonane (non=9) C9H20
Decane (dec=10) C10H22
Undecane (undec = 11) C11H24
Dodecane (dodec= 12) C12H26

8. 1-10 Alkane Prefix Quiz Just the prefix…not the -ane
CH4
C6H14
C2H6
C7H16
C3H8
C8H18
C4H10
C9H20
C5H12
C10H22

9. Mnemonic for First Four Prefixes
Meth- Monkeys
Eth- Eat
Prop- Peeled
But- Bananas

10. Mnemonic for First 8 Prefixes
Mrs. Edwards Plays Basketball, Please Hold Her Overcoat
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane C4H10
Pentane C5H12 
Hexane C6H14
Heptane C7H16
Octane C8H18
          

11. Alkane Naming and Drawing
Expanded structure
1. Make string of carbons (prefix= # of C)
Ex: Butane (but=4)

12. Butane 2. Condensed structure A CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
3. Condensed structure B
CH3CH2CH2CH3
4. Condensed structure C
CH3(CH2)2CH3

13. Butane 5. Carbon skeleton: C-C-C-C *all H are understood
6. Kekulé or Line-angle formula
(most reduced form)
Each endpoint, every corner symbolizes a C
H are understood

14. Alkanes methane CH4 hexane C6H14 ethane C2H6 heptane C7H16 propane
octane
C8H18
butane
C4H10
nonane
C9H20
pentane
C5H12
decane
C10H22

15. Alkyl Groups
Substituent – element or group of elements that branch off parent chain (replace a H)
methyl group
ethyl group
propyl group

16. Alkyl Groups isopropyl butyl groups butyl secbutyl tertbutyl isobutyl
Only iso- is alphabetized,
tert, sec are not.

17. Haloalkanes Haloalkanes have a halogen that has replaced a hydrogen
The halogens are substituent groups treated the same as the alkyl groups. Alpha without prefixes
F = fluoro
Cl = chloro
Br = bromo
I = iodo

18. Rules to Naming Hydrocarbon Chains
Number the longest continuous chain of carbons
Carbons attached to double/triple bonds receive the smallest number possible
If no double/triple bonds are present, carbons with groups attached, receive the smallest number possible
Use prefixes for repeating groups
di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, ….
Alphabetize groups without prefixes
All lowercase, commas between numbers, dashes between numbers and words
Use appropriate ending
ane, ene, yne or functional group ending

19. Find The Longest Continuous Chain of Carbons

20. Number the Carbons so that the groups receive the smallest number possible

21. Use prefixes with same multiple substituent groups
7 – ethyl – 3,5 - dimethyl – 6 - tertbutylundecane

22. Naming Hydrocarbon Chains

23. Naming Hydrocarbon Chains

24. Naming Hydrocarbon Chains

25. If more than one type of substituent group, alpha
If more than one type of substituent group, alpha. the groups without prefixes
5 – secbutyl - 3,6 – dimethylnonane
4 – tertbutyl ethylnonane

26. Cycloalkanes 1. Start at noon and go clockwise until you get to first carbon with a substituent group this is # 1 2. Go clockwise or counterclockwise so substituent groups receive the smallest number possible

27. Cyclical Alkanes have 2 H less from ring closure
cyclopropane
C3H6
cyclooctane
C8H16
cyclobutane
C4H8
cyclononane
C9H18

28. Alkanes
cyclodecane
C10H20
cycloundecane
C11H22
cyclododecane
C12H24

29. Practice
methylcyclopentane
1,1-dimethylcyclopentane

30. Practice
1,2-dimethylcyclopentane
1,3-dimethylcyclopentane

31. Practice
2-ethyl,1-methylcyclohexane

32. Practice
2-cyclopropyl-4-ethyl-1-methylcyclohexane