1. Organic Chemistry CHEMISTRY 30

2. Intro to Hydrocarbons  Hydrocarbon : an organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen.  E.g. methane  Recall from our last unit that carbon wants to make four bonds.

3.  We can represent hydrocarbons in different ways: Lewis Structure

4. Properties of Hydrocarbons  Hydrocarbons with low masses tend to be gases or liquids that boil at a low temperature (due to low IMFs)  Recall the general rule “like dissolves like.” Because of this, hydrocarbons are insoluble in polar compounds. This explains why oil and water do not mix!

5. Alkanes  An alkane is a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds.  Each carbon-carbon bond is a single covalent bond, and every other bond is a carbon-hydrogen bond.  Alkanes have the general formula C n H 2n+2  They end with “ane” Ex: C 3 H 8 = Propane

6. Alkanes  Alkanes are named by counting the number of carbons, and by using the corresponding prefix for that number. Then you add “-ane” to represent an alkane. You will need to memorize the names of the first ten alkanes.

7. Straight-Chain Alkanes  Ethane is the simplest straight-chain alkane, which is an alkane that contains any number of carbon atoms, one after the other.  To draw the structural formula, draw each carbon connected by a bond, and complete each carbon’s octet with hydrogens.

8. Stop and Check!  Draw complete structural formulas for the straight-chain alkanes that have:  Three carbon atoms  Four carbon atoms  Five carbon atoms  Name each of the above structures.  How many single bonds are there in a propane molecule?

9. Branched-Chain Alkanes  Carbons can connect in branched chains.  Substituent: an atom (or group of atoms) that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule.  The parent alkane is the longest continuous carbon chain. All other carbon atoms or groups of atoms are called substituents.  The parent alkane of the above compound is hexane (six carbons).

10. Branched-Chain Alkanes  A hydrocarbon substituent that is derived from an alkane is called an alkyl group. Think of an alkyl group as an alkane with one of the hydrogens removed.  An alkyl group can be one or more carbons long.  Name these groups by removing the –ane ending from the parents hydrocarbon name and adding –yl.  The three smallest alkyl groups are the methyl group (-CH 3 ); the ethyl group (-CH 2 CH 3 ), and the propyl group (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 )

11. Branched-Chain Alkanes  When a substituent alkyl group is attached to a straight-chain hydrocarbon, branches are formed. An alkane with one or more alkyl groups is called a branched-chain alkane.  Each carbon in an organic molecule can be characterized as a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary carbon.  Primary: 1 carbon attached to it  Secondary: 2 carbons attached to it  Tertiary: 3 carbons attached to it  Quaternary: 4 carbons attached to it

12. Branched-Chain Alkanes

13. Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes  IUPAC (International Union of Practical and Applied Chemists) naming system (like everything else we know how to name!)  We will use the following molecule:

14. Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes  Step 1:  Find the longest continuous chain of carbons in the molecule. This is considered the parent hydrocarbon.  The longest chain has six carbons, therefore the parent hydrocarbon is hexane.  Step 2:  Number the carbons in the main chain in sequence. Start at the end that will give the substituent groups attached to it the smallest numbers.  Step 3:  Add numbers to the names of the substituent groups to identify their positions on the chain. These numbers become prefixes to the name of the substituent group.  The substituents and positions are 2-methyl and 4-methyl. 1 3 2 4 5 6

15. Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes  Step 4:  Use prefixes to indicate the appearance of the same group more than once in the structural formula. Common prefixes are di- (two), tri- (three), and tetra- (four).  The two methyl groups are combined as 2,4-dimethyl.  Step 5:  List the names of alkyl substituents in alphabetical order.  For the purposes of alphabetizing, ignore the prefixes di-, tri-, and so on.  The 2,4-dimethyl group is our only substituent group, so we name it first. 1 3 2 4 5 6

16. Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes  Step 6:  Combine all the parts and use proper punctuation. Write the entire name without any spaces.  Use commas to separate numbers and use hyphens to separate numbers and words.  Our molecule becomes 2,4-dimethylhexane.

17. Naming Branched-Chain Alkanes  Name the following alkanes: 4-ethyl-2,4-dimethylheptane 4,4,5-tripropyloctane 2,2,3-trimethyl-3-ethylheptane

18. Drawing Branched-Chain Alkanes  Draw the structural formula for the following molecules:  octane  2,2,4-trimethylpentane  3-methylhexane  3-ethyl-3,4-dimethyloctane

19. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons  Saturated Compound: an organic compound that only contains single bonds.  Unsaturated Compound: an organic compound that contains double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.  An alkene is a hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

20. Alkenes  Ethene is the simplest alkene. It is often called by the common name ethylene.  To name an alkene by the IUPAC system, find the longest chain in the molecule that contains the double bond. This chain is the parent alkene.  The parent alkene is named just like the alkane with the same number of carbons, plus the ending –ene. The chain is numbered so the carbon atoms with the double bond have the lowest possible numbers.  Name the substituents the same way you would for an alkane.

21. Alkenes  E.g. name the following alkenes: propene1-butene2-butene4-methyl-2-pentene

22. Alkynes  A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds is called an alkyne. Like alkenes, alkynes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.  The simplest alkyne is ethyne (C 2 H 2 ), which has the common name acetylene.  They are named the same way as alkenes and alkanes. 1-propyne4-methyl-2-pentyne

23. Isomers  Structures of some hydrocarbons differ only by positions of substituents or of multiple bonds.  Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures are called isomers. Isobutane is also called 2-methylpropane

24. Constitutional Isomers  Butane and 2-methylpropane are specifically called constitutional isomers because they have the same molecular formula but are joined together differently.  What are some other constitutional isomers?  Constitutional isomers differ in physical properties such as boiling point and melting point. They also have different chemical reactivities.  In general, the more highly branched the hydrocarbon is, the lower the boiling point of the isomer will be compared with less branched isomers.  n-butane boiling point: -1.0 degrees Celcius; isobutane’s boiling point: -11.7 degrees Celcius

25. Isomers as Substituent Groups  Alkyl groups can be organized in branched chains just like the parent hydrocarbon can.  A propyl group can either be n-propyl (n for normal) or iso-propyl (iso for isomer): n-propyl group iso-propyl group

26. Isomers as Substituent Groups  Butyl groups work the same way, as shown:  sec- and tert- represent the degree of the first carbon in the group (the one bonded to the parent hydrocarbon)

27. Stereoisomers  Remember that molecules are 3-D structures. This means that molecules with the same molecular formula and with atoms joined in exactly the same order may still be isomers.  Stereoisomers are molecules in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but the positions of the atoms in space are different.  The two types of stereoisomers are cis-trans isomers and enantiomers. We will be focusing our study on cis-trans isomers rather than enantiomers.

28. Cis-Trans Isomers  A double bond between two carbons prevents other atoms in the molecule from rotating, or spinning, with respect to one another. Because of this lack of rotation, groups on either side of the double bond will be ‘stuck’ in specific orientations.  Cis-trans isomers, aka geometric isomers, have atoms joined in the same order but with a different spatial orientation.  Cis-trans isomerism occurs most frequently in molecules with double bonds.

29. Cis-Trans Isomers  Look at the models of 2-butene:  In the cis configuration, similar groups are on the same side of the double bond.  In the trans configuration, similar groups are on the opposite sides of the double bond.  Cis-trans isomers have different chemical and physical properties.

30. Hydrocarbon Rings  Not all hydrocarbons are straight chains or branched chains. In some hydrocarbon compounds, the carbon chain is in the form of a ring.  A compound that contains a hydrocarbon ring is called a cyclic hydrocarbon. Many molecules found in nature contain cyclic hydrocarbons. Rings with 5 and 6 carbons are the most abundant.  Cyclic hydrocarbons can be either saturated or unsaturated. A cyclic hydrocarbon that contains only single bonds (and therefore is saturated), is called a cycloalkane.

31. Cyclic Hydrocarbons  To name a cycloalkane, count the number of carbons in the ring and assign the corresponding alkane name. Then simply add the prefix cyclo- to the alkane name.

32. Cyclic Hydrocarbons  Substituents are named just as they would be for an alkane. 1-ethyl-3-methylcyclohexane1-methyl-2-propylcyclopentane

33. Aromatic Hydrocarbons  There is a class of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that are responsible for the aromas of spices such as vanilla, cinnamon, cloves, and ginger. These were classified as aromatic compounds because of their pleasant aromas. However, not all aromatic compounds even have a smell at all.  An aromatic compound is defined as an organic compound that contains a benzene ring, or another ring in which the bonding is like that of benzene.  Any compound not classified as aromatic is called an aliphatic compound. All of the non- aromatic compounds we’ve studied so far are aliphatic.

34. Aromatic Hydrocarbons  Benzene: a six-carbon ring with one hydrogen attached at each carbon.  This arrangement leaves one electron from each carbon free to participate in a double bond. Benzene is drawn as such:

35. Aromatic Hydrocarbons  Benzene can be drawn using resonance structures:  The bonding electrons between carbon atoms are shared evenly around the ring.  Benzene is often drawn with a circle inside the hexagonal structure to demonstrate that those electrons are shared evenly.  Benzene and other molecule that exhibit resonance are more stable than similar molecules that do not exhibit resonance, making it less reactive.

36. Naming Aromatic Compounds  Compounds containing substituent groups attached to a benzene ring are named using benzene as the parent hydrocarbon.  When the benzene group is a substituent, the C 6 H 5 group is called a phenyl group. methylbenzeneethylbenzene 3-phenylhexane