1. Sectionalism Review
Mr. McElhaney
APUSH

2. Next Three Weeks Week 1 – Week 2 – Week 3 –
Review Sectionalism/Reform Movements Reading part of Ch. 10 (Due WED) See Handout
Ch 11 Due Friday
Reform Movements Begin Ch 12 Due WED next Week
Week 2 –
Finish Reform Movements= Abolitionism
Begin Ch 13 Expansion and Decade of 1850s/Coming of the Civil War (Test Ch 10, 11, 12) Friday next week 
Week 3 –
The Civil War Ch. 14
Vacation work on project

3. Regional Specialization
Northeast  Industrial
SOUTH  Cotton & Slavery
WEST  The Nation’s Breadbasket

4. American Growth New Century
Census office million people 1820= 9.5 mill
33% ? growth rate each decade
Rapid Economic growth
Commercial and Geographic expansion
Cities- 1820
New York + 100,000
Philadelphia + 100,000
75% Pop Rural
5% in cities
20% in towns
People moving west in search of farm land
Ohio, Mississippi Valley

5. I. North
A. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution

6. Erie Canal, 1820s

7. Erie Canal System Begun in 1817 363 miles Albany, NY to Lake Erie
“We have assembled to commence the excavation of the Erie Canal. This work when accomplished will connect our western inland seas with the Atlantic Ocean. By this great highway, unborn millions will easily transport their surplus productions to the shores of the Atlantic, procure their supplies, and hold a useful and profitable intercourse with all the maritime nations of the earth...”

9. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

10. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
The Clermont

11. Principal Canals in 1840

12. I. North
A. Growth of Industry with Industrial Revolution

13. Early Textile Loom

14. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

15. New England Dominance in Textiles

17. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

18. Lowell in 1850

19. Lowell Mill

20. Lowell System
Mostly young, unmarried women working in factory of Textiles
Worked and live in clean boarding houses owned and managed by the factory
Emphasis in maintaining the morality of the women employed
Curfews
Church Attendance
Immoral women (sex, bad manners- talking back) were removed quickly

21. What was their typical “profile?”
Lowell Girls
What was their typical “profile?”

22. Working Conditions Lowell
Not the best but not the worst
Repetition, tedious
Lowell system declines due to competition and lower standards for of pay and working conditions worsen

23. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

24. Rise of Cities
Between Urban population of the US grew by 552%
million
million
Cities grow because of
Immigration
Rural to urban migration- people leave the farm due to decreased opportunity- mechanization of agriculture, more opportunity in cities

25. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

26. McCormick Reaper 1834 Revolutionized the harvesting grain
More efficient and faster
Factory in Chicago

27. Immigration http://historyproject. ucdavis. edu/imageapp. php
The United States is a nation of immigrants. By /4 of population was born in another country.
Immigration to the United States occurs in waves.
The First Wave of Immigrants:
Irish- 2 million
German- 1.5 million
British- 750,000
Scandinavia
,000 immigrants
,000 per year
,000
Second Wave of Immigration
million arrive
million arrive
1910 ½ the people of cities are Immigrants

28. Immigration Push Factors Pull Factors
Factors that pushed immigrants out of their native lands to America:
Poverty-
Lack of Economic Opportunity
Political Repression - No freedom
Ethnic conflict-
War- conscription
No jobs
No hope of a future
Famine/ starvation/drought
Pull Factors
Factors that pulled immigrants out of their native lands to America:
Economic Opportunity
Jobs/ workers were needed
Land $
A future of land ownership
Peace and stability
Freedom to make a better life

29. Population Growth
Immigration

30. Early Immigration Irish Potato Famine 1846-1851
August 1845 the Irish potato crop was blighted or stricken with a disease.
The disease ruined the main source of nutrition for the population.
Famine, starvation, and disease killed much of the population.
While the poor of Ireland starved British land owners and merchants made money.
million bushels if grain was shipped out.
million live animals were exported
million gallons of grain derived alcohol was exported.
the population of Ireland was reduced by 1/3.
1845 population = 8.2 million
1860- Pop = 5.8 million
1920- Pop = 4.2 million
1 million died from starvation and disease.
2 million left to America
million more went to the US.

31. American Population Density, 1820

32. How did/do people react to immigrants coming to America?
They were looked down upon and discriminated against. See cartoons.
Xenophobia- anti foreigner attitudes
Nativism- The idea of blaming immigrants for problems.
Established groups blamed the new groups for problems:
Taking Jobs, Lazy -Famous Slogan: “No Irish Need Apply”
People said they were responsible for: Crime
Immorality- alcohol abuse
Catholics- not loyal to America
Dirty-
Inferior, Damaging to the United States
Whenever a new group enters into an established community tension is caused and a pattern of development can be seen.
Examples:
When the Irish came in the 1840’s the established groups of British and Germans did not like the new Irish.
Irish where different:
Language- Irish
Religion Roman Catholic
Culture different from British
Lifestyles-

33. The Changing American Population
Rapid Urbanization
Surging Immigration
German and
Irish Immigrants
Sources of Immigration, and

34. Anti-Immigrant Americans
Nativist= Native American Party Or
Know Nothing Party
1850s strong
in the Northeast
Disappear by 1860
Join New Republican
party
NINA = No Irish Need Apply

35. NINA
How about a song?

36. The Early Union Movement
Workingman’s Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City.
Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842).
Massachusetts
Declared Unions lawful and Strikes lawful

37. II. South:
A. Growth of Agriculture (“King Cotton”)

39. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

42. Lower or “Deep” South Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas
1820= 500,000 bales
1850= 3million bales
1860= 5 million bales
2/3 of total US exports = $200 million year
Rice was only $2 Million year

43. Slavery Expands Lower South?
Alabama
1820= 41,000
1860= 435,000
Mississippi
1820= 32,000
1860= 436,000
Virginia
1820= 425,000
1860= 490,000

46. Planter Class Southern White Culture
Similar to Feudal lords
Believed in
Chivalry
Leisure
Elegance
Refinement
Graciousness
Courtesy
800 acres or more + at least 50 slaves
Great influence- Political/Economic/Social leadership
Small Minority of Southern whites owned slaves
1850 white population= 6 million
Slave owners= 347, 525
1860 white population = 8 million
Slave owners 383,637

47. Plain Folk/Common Southern Whites
Typical southerner= Yeoman Farmer
Some owned a Slave or 2 worked with them
Small farms- subsistence
Were tied to the slave system
Depended on Large Plantation
For Cotton Gin
Markets for goods
Credit
Kinship

48. Number one Unifying factor in the South was
RACE
Whites in the South supported Slavery because of the RACE issue.
Social and Economic Fears
Changing social relations
Race mixing was
Empowering Blacks economic competition
The poorest whites felt superior to the blacks
“From childhood, the one thing in their condition which has made life valuable to the mass of whites has been that the N--- are yet their inferiors.” foreign observer from 1850s