1. Research Methodology

2. Meaning
Clifford Woody Research comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating data, making deductions and reaching conclusions and at the last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

3. Importance To gain familiarity or achieve new insights
To portray accurately the characteristics of an individual, situation or group
To determine the frequency
To test a hypothesis

4. Types of Research Descriptive vs Analytical Research
Applied vs Fundamental
Quantitative vs Qualitative
Conceptual vs Empirical
One time research
Simulation research
Exploratory research
Historical research
Decision oriented

5. Research Methods & Methodology
Differences

6. Research Process Formulating the research problem
Extensive literature survey
Development of working hypothesis
Preparing the research design
Determining sample design
Deliberate sampling, convenience, judgment
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling

7. Contd - Stratified sampling - Quota sampling
- Cluster sampling & area sampling
- Multi- stage sampling
Sequential sampling
Collecting the data
By observation
Personal interview
Telephonic interview

8. Contd Mailing questionnaire Schedules Execution of the project
Analysis of the data
Hypothesis testing
Generalization
Report preparation

9. Research Problem Individual or group which has a difficulty or problem
Some objective to be attained
Some alternatives
Some doubt in the mind of the researcher
Some environment

10. Technique Involved in Defining a Problem
Statement of the problem in a general way
Understanding the nature of the problem
Surveying the available literature
Developing the ideas through discussions
Rephrasing the research problem

11. Points to be observed in defining the problem
Technical terms or phrases should be clearly defined
Basic assumptions
Statement of value of investigation
Time frame and availability of data
Scope of investigation

12. Characteristics of Hypothesis
Clear and precise
Should be capable of being tested
State relationship between variables
Must be consistent

13. Concepts for testing of Hypothesis
Null and alternative hypothesis
Level of significance
Decision rule or test of hypothesis
Type I & type II errors
Two-tail and one-tailed tests

14. Procedure for hypothesis testing
Making a formal statement
Selecting a significance level
Deciding the distribution
Selecting a random sample
Calculating values
Comparing the probability