1. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/mirrors/images/images/pao/STS49/10065130.jpg Objective: Summary of Origins and Lifestyles of Early Americans HW:Read Ch 1 sections 1 and 4 http://crh.choate.edu/english/salot/Young%20Omahaw.jpg “Young Omahaw, War Eagle..." by Charles Bird King 1821

2. Map: Locations of Selected Native American Peoples, C.E. 1500 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

3. Map: Indian Economies in North America Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

4. http://www.sitchin.com/images/olmecs.jpg http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/olmec/olmec-site-map.jpg THE OLMECS 1200 BCE ???

5. MAYANS 250-900 CE http://www.maya.at/Bilder/Maya-Rad_Index.gif http://img1.travelblog.org/Photos/1/66/t/3964-The-Star-Wars-Shot-0.jpghttp://www.unexplainedstuff.com/images/geuu_02_img0459.jpg http://www.elbalero.gob.mx/historia/images/conquista/maya.gif

6. AZTECS 1200-1500 CE Aztec home scene from Florentine Codex (The Art Archive) Houghton Mifflin Company The Great Temple at Tenochtitlán

7. At the height of Aztec-Toltec civilization in central Mexico, which coincided with the arrival of Cortés and his Spanish soldiers in 1519, this capital city had a dense population of over 300,000, more than any European city. Built on marshy lowlands and linked to the mainland by broad causeways, it had great public works and pyramids to the sun and moon that were connected by an elaborate irrigation system. From this metropolis, priests, warriors, and rulers held absolute authority over hundreds of thousands of people in the countryside. (American Museum of Natural History #32659) The Great Temple at Tenochtitlán Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

8. INCA 1400-1600 CE Inca Suspension Bridge, 1613 Bridges like this one, sketched by a native Andean, enabled the Incas to move people and goods through the mountains. An Inca administrator stands to the left, overseeing the bridge. (Det Kongelige Bibliotek) Inca Suspension Bridge, 1613 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. CIVILIZATIONDATESLOCATIONACHIEVEMENT OLMEC C. 1200 BC Gulf Coast of Mexico Stone Sculptures, stone buildings MAYA 250-900 AD Yucatan Peninsula (Guatemala) Astronomy, stone Temples (365 steps ) AZTEC 1200-1520 AD Mexico engineering (Tenochtitlan) farming ANASAZI/HOHOKAM 300 BC - 1400 AD American Southwest Pueblos (cliff dwellings) MISSISSIPPIAN 800 BC - 1500 AD East of Mississippi River Mound Builders (Cahokia) Copper ornaments

10. L Anse’ aux Meadows, Newfoundland

11. 1.4: The Age of Exploration What had been holding back exploration? The Roman Catholic Church (Superstition, Fear) What Changed Growth of Commerce (extra $) Population growth (demand) Growth of Nation States (kings need $) Renaissance Spirit/Reformation Technology (Examples) Prince Henry the Navigator

12. Christopher Columbus WHO – A Genoese sailor WHAT – Credited with “discovering” the New World. (Native Am. (Taino) already living there. WHEN – Oct. 12, 1492 WHERE – He left Spain and “discovered” the islands of San Salvador, the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola. WHY - He was looking for a route across the Atlantic to trade with Asia. Spain sought “Gold, Land, and Religion” in the lands he found. “COLUMBUS MAKES HITLER LOOK LIKE A JUVENILE DELINQUENT” (Russell Means) 90% of population wiped out

13. The Route http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~cac02m/ChristopherColumusTask2.htm

14. Spanish Conquest What were the main motives of the Spanish? What were some of the consequences of the Spanish conquest for Native Americans? 1. Disease 2. Loss of freedom 3. Loss of Culture/Religion What were some of the consequences of the Spanish conquest for Africans? 1. destruction of West African societies 2. 12 million total

15. Bartolomé de las Casas, Bishop of Chiapas - 1542 New Spain was discovered in 1517. …During the 12 years {from 1518 to 1530} the Spanish killed more than four million men, women, and children with swords and lances, and by burning people alive…. This does not count those who have died, and continue to0 die every day, from the slavery and oppression that the Spanish impose…. Among other massacres perpetrated by the Spanish was one that took place in Cholula, a city with thirty thousand inhabitants. Dignitaries and priests from the city and the surrounding countryside greeted the Spanish with great solemnity and respect, and escorted them into the city and lodged them in the homes of the local nobility. The Spanish decided to stage a massacre – or a “chastisement” as they call it – in order to terrorize the population. To accomplish this, the Spanish summoned the local dignitaries. As soon as they arrived to hold talks with the Spanish commander, they were taken captive and had no opportunity to warn others. Then the Spanish demanded five to six thousand Indians to carry their loads. ….Once these poor wretches assembled in the courtyard, guards blocked the gates with the Spanish soldiers slaughtered the Indians with swards and lances. The pretext under which the Spanish invaded these areas, massacred their harmless inhabitants, and depopulated the country was to make the Indians subjects of the king of Spain. The fate of the Taino…

16. The Columbian Biological Exchange Forms of Biological Life Going From: Old World to New World:New World to Old World: Diseases: Smallpox Measles Chicken Pox Malaria Yellow Fever Influenza The Common Cold Syphilis Animals: Horses Cattle Pigs Sheep Goats Chickens Turkeys Llamas Alpacas Guinea Pigs Plants: Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Manioc (Tapioca) Guavas Avocados | This page was last updated on 12/3/98. | Return to History 111 Supplements | Site Map |Return to History 111 SupplementsSite Map Dr. Harold D. Tallant, Department of History, Georgetown College 400 East College Street, Georgetown, KY 40324, (502) 863-8075 E-mail: htallant@georgetowncollege.edu.htallant@georgetowncollege.edu

18. Spanish Method of Colonization I. CONQUER  Destroy the leadership and military power  Deter resistance with brutal massacres and demonstrations of force  Enslave the population  Impose Spanish culture (language etc…) II.COLONIZE  Send peninsulares, mainly men, to settle the new land  Viceroy System (Direct Control)  Establish encomiendas (slave labor) to farm and mine III. CONVERT  Missionaries convert the native population to Christianity  Conquistadores and peninsulares intermarry with Native American Indians. Their offspring are known as mestizos.

19. Building The Spanish Empire (New Spain) Conquistadores Hernan Cortes and the Aztecs (1519) Tenochtitlan and Montezuma Francisco Pizarro and the Incas (1533) Juan Ponce DeLeon (1513) Florida St. Augustine 1565 (Menedez de Aviles) Francisco de Coronado (1540) American Southwest

20. Exploring Florida Juan Ponce de Leon Conquered Puerto Rico Explored the Caribbean looking for the “vast land” north Eventually established St. Augustine, the oldest European settlement in North America…or did he?

21. Pope’s Pueblo Rebellion http://www.musnaz.org/Images/Photos/Pic-Kiva_Pueblo.jpg

22. Resistance to the Spanish SITUATION:  Missionaries forcibly converted Pueblo, Hopi, Maquois and other tribes  Priests destroyed N.Am. sacred items like kachina masks  Religious leaders of the N.Am. Are punished and flogged  N. Am. Were sold into slavery to pay for missions and equipment like church bells REACTION: Po’pay (Popé) Pueblo Religious leader Lead a 17,000 man rebellion in 1680 Destroyed Catholic Churches Only successful Native American revolt, or slave revolt, for that matter, in North America Spanish do not return for over 80 years

23. Settling the Southwest Coronado Explored Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas Couldn’t find gold or silver Burned and looted many Native villages Spanish Priests Establish Congregaciones to convert Native Americans

24. Indians with smallpox European diseases killed many millions of Indians during the initial stages of contact because they had no immunity to such epidemic illnesses as influenza, measles, and plague. Smallpox was one of the deadliest of these imported diseases. This Aztec drawing illustrates smallpox's impact, from the initial appearance of skin lesions through death. Traditional Indian medical practices were unable to cure such diseases, and physical contact between shamans and patients actually helped to spread them. (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) Indians with smallpox Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

25. Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in eighteenth-century North America, by the Mexican artist Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection ) Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.