1. Ion Transport Simulation using Geant4 Hadronic Physics
Koi, Tatsumi
SLAC
And Geant4 Hadronic Working Group
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

2. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Contents
Cross sections
NN total reaction formulae
Reactions
Binary Cascade Light Ion
QGS Glauber
Validation
Neutron Productions
Pion Productions
Neutron Yields
etc
Conclusions
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

3. an interaction will occur?
When and where
an interaction will occur?
Cross Sections
GetCrossSection()
G4HadronicProcess
GetMicrocopicCrossSection()
PostStepDoIt()
Models
ApplyYoursel()
What will be generated
by this interaction?
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

4. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Cross Sections
Total reaction cross section is defined by
Many cross section formulae for NN collisions are included in Geant4
Tripathi, Shen, Kox and Sihver
These are empirical and parameterized formulae with theoretical insights.
G4GeneralSpaceNNCrossSection was prepared to assist users in selecting the appropriate cross section formula.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

5. References to NN Cross Section Formulae implemented in Geant4
Tripathi Formula
NASA Technical Paper TP-3621 (1997)
Tripathi Light System　(p, n ~ alpha)
NASA Technical Paper TP (1999)
Kox Formula
Phys. Rev. C (1987)
Shen Formula
Nuclear Physics. A (1989)
Sihver Formula
Phys. Rev. C (1993)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

6. Inelastic Cross Section C12 on C12
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

7. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Models
Binary Cascade Light Ion
related talk “The Binary Cascade” by H. P. Wellisch
QGS Glauber
related talk “Parton String Models In GEANT4” by G. Folger
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

8. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Binary Cascade ~Model Principals~ ~related talk “The Binary Cascade” by H. P. Wellisch~
In Binary Cascade, each participating nucleon is seen as a Gaussian wave packet, (like QMD)
Total wave function is assumed to be direct product of these. (no anti-symmetrization)
Participating means that they are either primary particles, or have been generated or scattered in the process of the cascade.
This wave form have same structure as the classical Hamilton equations and can be solved numerically.
The Hamiltonian is calculated using simple time independent optical potential. (unlike QMD)
Collisions between participants are not considered. (unlike QMD)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

9. Binary Cascade ~nuclear model ~
3 dimensional model of the nucleus is constructed from A and Z.
Nucleon distribution follows
A>16 Woods-Saxon model
Light nuclei harmonic-oscillator shell model
Nucleon momenta are sampled from 0 to Fermi momentum and sum of these momenta is set to 0.
time-invariant scalar optical potential is used.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

10. Binary Cascade ~Light Ion Reactions~
Two nuclei are prepared according to this model (previous page).
The lighter nucleus is selected to be projectile.
Nucleons in the projectile are entered with position and momenta into the initial collision state.
Until first collision of each nucleon, its Fermi motion is neglected in tracking.
Fermi motion and the nuclear field are taken into account in collision probabilities and final states of the collisions.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

11. Validation results Neutrons from 290MeV/n C12 on Carbon
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

12. Validation results Neutrons from 290MeV/n C12 on Copper
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

13. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Dual parton or quark gluon string model – hadron hadron scattering- related talk “Parton String Models In GEANT4” by G. Folger
In the approach based on the topological expansion, the Pomeranchuk pole is described by graphs of the cylindrical type, while the secondary Reggeons are described by planar graphs
The planar case involves annihilation of valence quarks of the colliding hadrons, and a qq-bar string.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

14. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
In the cylindrical (Pomeron) case, the colliding hadrons simply exchange one or several gluons, resulting in color coupling between the valence quarks of the hadrons. They are connected by quark gluon strings.
Breaking the strings leads to the 　　　　　　　　　　　appearance of white hadrons.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

15. Multiple Pomeron exchange
The parameters of the Pomeron trajectory cannot at present be calculated, but are taken from fits to experimental data.
(Ter-Martyrosian, Phys.Lett.44B,1973)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

16. Hadron nucleus collisions
With respect to hadron hadron collisions, hadron nuclear collisions offer the additional twist of multiple participating target nucleons.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

17. Ion-ion reaction cross-sections.
Ion-ion reactions simply add additional primary nucleon lines to the diagrams.
The amplitudes calculated can be integrated to obtain reaction cross-sections for ion-ion collisions at high energies
From O(5A GeV) to O(10A TeV)
Predictions within about experimental errors.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

18. Preliminary results of cross section predictions by QGS-Glauber
Difference in Pb
comes form mainly
EM dissociation effect
Preliminary
4.2 GeV/n C ions
156A GeV Pb ions p C P C Pb
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

19. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Summary of Cross Section and models for N-N Inelastic Interaction in Geant4
Tripathi & TripathiLightSystem ~10 GeV/A
Cross Sections
Kox & Shen ~10 GeV/A
~100 MeV/A Sihver
Energy
1 GeV
10 GeV
100 MeV
Binary Cascade Light Ions GeV/A
~5 GeV/A QGS - Glauber
Models
QGS-Glauber is not yet included the release
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

20. Other Ion related processes already implemented in Geant4
Ionization Energy Loss which dedicated to Ions
Multiple Scattering
related talk “GEANT4 "Standard" Electromagnetic Physics Package” By M. Marie
EM Dissociation
Abrasion-Ablation Model
Macroscopic model for nuclear-nuclear interaction
related talk “Implementation Of Nuclear-Nuclear Physics In The GEANT4 Radiation Transport Toolkit For Interplanetary Space Missions” By P. Truscott
All these processes work together for
Ion transportation in Geant4
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

21. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Validations
Neutron Production
Double Differential Cross Section
Angular Distribution
Thick Target Neutron Yield
Pion Production
Fragment Production
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

22. Validation results Neutrons from 400MeV/n Ne20 on Carbon
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

23. Validation results Neutrons from 600MeV/n Ne20 on Copper
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

24. Validation results Neutrons from 560MeV/n Ar40 on Lead
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

25. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Quantitative comparison between the measured and calculated cross sections
R = (σ calculate - σ measure ) /σ measure
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

26. Distribution of Rs Carbon Beams
209
Overestimate
Underestimate
Target Materials
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

27. Distribution of Rs Neon Beams
Target Materials
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

28. Distribution of Rs Argon Beams
Target Materials
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

29. Distribution of Rs for QMD and HIC Calculation (done by original author)
Underestimate
100%
-100%
Overestimate
R = 1/σ measure
x(σ measure -σcalculate )
QMD
HIC
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Iwata et al.,
Phys. Rev. C64
pp (2001)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

30. Validation results Pions from 1.05 A GeV/c C on Be, C, Cu and Pb
J. Papp, LBL-3633, (1975)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

31. Thick Target Neutron Yield
Thick target is a target which can stops incidence heavy ions completely.
Not only a reaction model but also other ion related process of Geant4 are tested by this validation.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

32. Neutron Yield Argon 400 MeV/n beams
Carbon Thick Target
Aluminium Thick Target
T. Kurosawa et al.,
Phys. Rev. C62
pp (2000)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

33. Neutron Yield Argon 400 MeV/n beams
Copper Thick Target
Lead Thick Target
T. Kurosawa et al.,
Phys. Rev. C62
pp (2000)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

34. Neutron Yield Fe 400 MeV/n beams
CarbonThick Target
Aluminum Thick Target
T. Kurosawa et al.,
Phys. Rev. C62
pp (2000)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

35. Neutron Yield Fe 400 MeV/n beams
Copper Thick Target
Lead Thick Target
T. Kurosawa et al.,
Phys. Rev. C62
pp (2000)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

36. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Fragment Production
F. Flesch et al.,
J, RM,
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

37. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Fragment Production
F. Flesch et al.,
J, RM,
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

38. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
The people involved
J. P. Wellisch (CERN)
G. Folger (CERN)
B. Trieu (CERN)
P. Truscott (ESA)
I. Corneliu (INFN)
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

39. Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga
Conclusions
Now Geant4 has abundant processes for Ion interactions with matter.
Without any extra modules, users may simulate ion transportation in the complex and realistic geometries of Geant4
Validation has begun and the first results show reasonable agreement with data. This work continues.
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

40. Validation results Neutrons from 290MeV/n C12 on Carbon
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

41. Validation results Neutrons from 400MeV/n C12 on Carbon
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

42. Validation results Neutrons from 400MeV/n C12 on Copper
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

43. Validation results Neutrons from 400MeV/n Ne20 on Copper
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

44. Validation results Neutrons from 400MeV/n Ne20 on Lead
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

45. Validation results Neutrons from 600MeV/n Ne20 on Carbon
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

46. Validation results Neutrons from 600MeV/n Ne20 on Lead
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

47. Neutron Yield Xe 400 MeV/n beams
CarbonThick Target
Aluminum Thick Target
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

48. Neutron Yield Xe 400 MeV/n beams
CopperThick Target
Lead Thick Target
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga

49. Neutron Yield Si 800 MeV/n beams
Carbon Thick Target
Copper Thick Target
Monte Carlo 2005, April 20, 2005 at Chattanooga