1. B 3.1 Photosynthesis
TSWBAT Summarize the overall process by which photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy and interpret the chemical equation for the process

2. Where does photosyhthesis take place?
Chloroplast:
Thylakoid-contain chlorophyll, a chemical that captures the sun’s energy and gives plants their green color
Found in the cells in plant leaves

3. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photo = “light”
Synthesis = “to put together”
Using light energy to put molecules together
Convert inorganic molecules to organic molecules
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
2 phases

4. Phase 1: Light-Dependent Reactions
Step 1) Absorb light
Where: Thylakoid
Chlorophyll, found in the thylakoid membrane, captures sunlight

5. Step 2) Sunlight energy is used to split water into oxygen & hydrogen
The hydrogen atoms are forced inside the thylakoid

6. sunlight NADPH ATP h+ h+ ADP P + h+ 1 h+ Thylakoid space 2 h+ h+ h+ h+
atp synthase h+
Thylakoid space 2 h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+
h20 h+ h+ h+
2h+ + ½O2 h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+
thylakoid h+ h+ h+ h+ h+
Thylakoid membrane
granum

7. Step 3) Make ATP and NADPH
Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the thylakoid membrane and make an ATP molecule
Left over light energy makes NADPH

8. Phase 2: Dark Reactions Where: stroma inside chloroplast
Jelly-like fluid
Step 1) Carbon Fixation
Calvin Cycle
Carbon dioxide is added to different organic molecules

9. Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’d
Step 2) Energy transfer
The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions give their energy away to the Calvin Cycle
Used to form G3P molecules

10. CO2
ATP
ADP
ADP
Calvin Cycle
ATP
NADPH
NADP+
g3p
glucose
To cytoplasm

11. Phase 2: Dark Reactions cont’d
Step 3) Make Glucose
G3P leaves the chloroplast and is used to make glucose
G3P

12. Alternative Pathways C4 Plants: plants in hot climates
Absorb CO2 differently
Corn, sugar cane
CAM Plants: plants in dry climates
Absorb CO2 at night
Pineapple, orchids, cactus

13. B 3.2 Cellular Respiration
TSWBAT Summarize the basic aerobic and anaerobic processes of cellular respiration and interpret the chemical equation for cellular respiration

14. Step 1: Glycolysis Where: Cytoplasm
Plant & Animal cells
A 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules
2 ATP are USED
2 NADH and 4 ATP are PRODUCED
Net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH

15. Step 2: Pyruvate Conversion
Where: Matrix of the Mitochondria
The two, pyruvate molecules are turned into two, Acetyl CoA molecules
1 NADH is made

16. Step 3: Aerobic Respiration
Where: Matrix of the Mitochondria
Both Acetyl CoA molecules enter a series of reactions called the Krebs Cycle
Producing:
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 CO2

17. Krebs Cycle Acetyl CoA co2 NAD+ NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ ATP NADH ADP + P
fADH2
fAD

18. Step 4: Electron Transport
Where: Cristae of the Mitochondria
Folded inner membrane
The NADH and FADH2 from the Krebs Cycle give energy to proteins found in the cristae.

19. Matrix h+ h+ h+
The energy is used to force hydrogen atoms out of the matrix and into the inner membrane space h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+
Inner Membrane Space h+

20. Step 5: Chemiosmosis
Hydrogen atoms diffuse thru the cristae back into the matrix and form ATP
1 NADH = 2 ATP
1 FADH2 = 3 ATP
Oxygen picks up left over hydrogen to form water.

21. Inner membrane space matrix h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+ h+
ATP
h2o
NADh FADH2
NAD FAD
ADP
P +
2h+ + o
matrix

22. Anaeroebic Respiration
If Oxygen is not available:
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Glucose → Pyruvate → Lactic Acid
Muscles after exercising
Alcohol Fermentation:
Glucose → Pyruvate → Ethanol + CO2
yeast in bread production
Produce less ATP