1. Take your review sheet and notes, and check if you have all necessary notes collected together. If any notes are missing, use the on-line PPT’s, text book, other students’ notes to get missing notes. Look over the review topics and notes and check which topics are the least familiar and most troublesome for you. Get together with a group that is reviewing THE SAME TOPICS THAT YOU NEED TO MOST REVIEW ON Explain topics to each other and quiz each other Answer review questions on ALL REVIEW TOPICS

2. State the central dogma of biology Define transcription, name its location and its steps. Define translation, name its location and its steps. Differentiate passing on genetic information in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. List and briefly describe the steps of transcription How many nucleotides are needed to determine an amino acid? On what molecule do you find the nucleotides that directly determine an amino acid?

3. List and describe the steps of mRNA modification. In what organisms does mRNA modification occur? Define and state the location of translation. What is the main purpose of translation? List and briefly describe the steps of translation. What type of gene mutation would cause the – Largest change in a new protein? – The least change in a new protein?

4. Where does the termination of transcription occur? If the DNA sequence is the following below, what is the RNA and amino acid sequence that is coded by it? 3’ATTCGGTAGCCATAA5’ Define mutation and differentiate between its two forms. State the law of segregation. Differentiate between codominance and incomplete dominance. Name two evidence of evolution and explain how they provide proof of evolution.

5. Cystic fibrosis is carried on the recessive allele. Normal is dominant. A normal man and a woman with cystic fibrosis have one CF child and one normal child. What are the chances that their next child will have cystic fibrosis? In peas, tall is dominant to short. If a pure tall and a pure short plant are crossed, and the resulting offspring are crossed, how many of the F 2 will be short if 120 plants are produced? In guinea pigs, black is dominant to white. If two black guinea pigs are crossed and 4 black and 3 white pigs result, were the parents pure?

6. In 4 o'clock flowers, red is dominant to white, but the heterozygote is pink. What is the phenotype ratio of crossing red 4 o’clock flowers and pink 4o’clock flowers? If Jennifer is normal (and is not a carrier) but her husband, James, is colorblind, what are the chances of A. their daughter, Jean, being colorblind? B. Of their son, Joe being colorblind? List the three types of natural selection and provide an example of each. Describe how DNA can be used as evidence of evolution.

7. In a population, 4 % of all individuals show the recessive trait. What is the allele frequency of the dominant allele? What is the frequency of the heterozygous individuals? In a population, 560 out of 1000 individuals show the dominant trait. What is the frequency of the recessive allele? Dominant allele? What is the frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals? In a population of butterflies, the dark coloration is dominant over the light coloration. What is the frequency of the recessive allele if 23 out of 67 butterflies are light?

8. List 4 mechanisms of evolution and explain how they change the genetic makeup of the population. Describe how Darwin contributed to the theory of evolution. Give 4 examples of evolution and explain two of those. Use examples to differentiate between directional and stabilizing selection. List the aspects of natural selection in order. Differentiate between DNA and RNA.

9. List the different types of RNA molecules and describe their function. Name an enzyme that participate in transcription. Describe its function. Describe the structure of a ribosome and its function. Why is colorblindness more common in men than in women? Name an example of a vestigial structure. Why do vestigial structures provide evidence of evolution?

10. What are restriction enzymes? How are they used by scientists? What is PCR? What is it used for? Name three advantages and two disadvantages of using biotechnology. Describe what gel electrophoresis is and how it benefits scientists. What is DNA sequencing? How is it beneficial for science? What are GMO’s? How can they be useful? Harmful? Use old plasmid maps and gel electrophoresis examples to analyze those.

11. Describe the main purpose of cellular respiration and the organisms that perform it. List the steps of cellular respiration and their locations. Describe the location, reactants, products and main purpose of glycolysis. Describe the process of fermentation and the conditions when it takes place. Explain how hydrogen ion concentration gradient is used to form ATP.

12. Describe what processes of CR or PS produce the following: – CO2 – NADPH – NADP + – FADH2 – NAD+ – H2O – O2 – ATP

13. List the steps and locations of photosynthesis. Name the main purpose of photosynthesis and the organisms that perform it. Draw the parts of the leaf and describe how each part contributes to photosynthesis. What is the role of guard cells? What are the reactants and products of the light reaction? Draw the process of the light reaction and describe its steps. Draw the process of the Calvin cycle and describe its steps.

14. State Mendel’s independent assortment and law of dominance. List three factors that would influence the rate of photosynthesis and describe how these factors would influence photosynthesis.