2. Do Now 1.What is photosynthesis? 2.What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of respiration) 3.What does a plant need for photosynthesis? 1.What is photosynthesis? 2.What is the equation of photosynthesis? (it’s the opposite of respiration) 3.What does a plant need for photosynthesis?

3. Light Energy  Light travels in waves  Wavelength is the distance from 1 crest to another crest  Light travels in waves  Wavelength is the distance from 1 crest to another crest

4. Visible Light Spectrum  A small portion of all the possible wavelengths  Sunlight is called “white light”  If you put white light through a prism you get?  All the colors of the rainbow, This is known as the  Visible spectrum  A small portion of all the possible wavelengths  Sunlight is called “white light”  If you put white light through a prism you get?  All the colors of the rainbow, This is known as the  Visible spectrum

5. Light Particles  Each particle of light is called a photon  The shorter the wavelength, the more energy it has  Each particle of light is called a photon  The shorter the wavelength, the more energy it has Violet Red ENERGY

7.  Pigment  A Substance that absorbs light  You only see the light waves that are reflected off a substance  All the other light waves are absorbed by the substance  Pigment  A Substance that absorbs light  You only see the light waves that are reflected off a substance  All the other light waves are absorbed by the substance

8. Colorblindness Test

9. What color blind people see: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/lightandcolor/humanvisionintro.html

10. Do Now  I shine a blue light on a yellow banana in complete darkness, what color would the banana appear to be?

11. Sample Question 1.This green plant is hit with white light, what colors are reflected?  Green 2.What Happens to all the other colors?  They are absorbed 1.This green plant is hit with white light, what colors are reflected?  Green 2.What Happens to all the other colors?  They are absorbed

12. Day 0 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20 Day 25 Red5811151720 Orange5812151822 Yellow55791011 Green5567910 Blue5710131825 Violet579121823 Control555544

13. DO NOW  Take a chromatography lab (#19)  HAND IN LIGHT WAVES LAB!!!!  Why are leaves green?  Why do leaves change color in the fall?  Take a chromatography lab (#19)  HAND IN LIGHT WAVES LAB!!!!  Why are leaves green?  Why do leaves change color in the fall?

14. Chromatography  Separating the different pigments that make up a plant.

15. Photosynthetic Pigments  There are 4 photosynthetic pigment in each chloroplast  Chlorophyll a  Primary photosynthetic pigment  Absorbs all light waves but green  Chlorophyll b, Carotenes, & xanthophylls  Absorbs all light waves but red, yellow, and orange  Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a  There are 4 photosynthetic pigment in each chloroplast  Chlorophyll a  Primary photosynthetic pigment  Absorbs all light waves but green  Chlorophyll b, Carotenes, & xanthophylls  Absorbs all light waves but red, yellow, and orange  Absorb light and transfer energy to chlorophyll a

16. So why are leaves green?  There is A LOT more chlorophyll a  So it hides the other pigments and the leaf appears green  There is A LOT more chlorophyll a  So it hides the other pigments and the leaf appears green

17. So why do leaves change colors?  In spring and summer time  Leaves have chlorophyll a & b, carotenes, & xanthophylls  All colors except most green is absorbed  But during the fall  Chlorophyll a leaves cells  Only Chlorophyll b, carotene, & xanthophyll is left  Leaves reflect orange, yellow, or red  In spring and summer time  Leaves have chlorophyll a & b, carotenes, & xanthophylls  All colors except most green is absorbed  But during the fall  Chlorophyll a leaves cells  Only Chlorophyll b, carotene, & xanthophyll is left  Leaves reflect orange, yellow, or red

19. Do Now 1.What color light would you shine on a green plant to give off the least amount of oxygen? 2.HAND IN CHROMATOGRAPHY LAB 1.What color light would you shine on a green plant to give off the least amount of oxygen? 2.HAND IN CHROMATOGRAPHY LAB

21. Chloroplasts  Where photosynthesis occurs  Thylakoids  Flattened sacs (pennies)  Grana  Stacks of thylakoids  Stroma  Liquid in chloroplast  Where photosynthesis occurs  Thylakoids  Flattened sacs (pennies)  Grana  Stacks of thylakoids  Stroma  Liquid in chloroplast 6CO 2 + 12H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O + 6O 2

23. Photosynthesis  Autotrophs make their own food by converting radiant energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates).

24. Photosynthesis  2 Reactions  Light Reactions, light dependent reaction  Calvin Cycle, Dark reaction, light independent reaction, carbon fixation reactions  2 Reactions  Light Reactions, light dependent reaction  Calvin Cycle, Dark reaction, light independent reaction, carbon fixation reactions

25. Light Reactions/light dependent  Light energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen ions from water.  Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).  Byproducts are oxygen (O 2 ), NADPH, and ATP  Light energy is converted to chemical energy to split hydrogen ions from water.  Takes place in the grana of the chloroplasts (the coin-like stacks of sacs).  Byproducts are oxygen (O 2 ), NADPH, and ATP

26. Photolysis  2H 2 O 4H + + 4e- + O 2  Electrons will replace lost by photosystem II  H + ions will move through thylakoid membrane by ATP synthase and make ATP  2H 2 O 4H + + 4e- + O 2  Electrons will replace lost by photosystem II  H + ions will move through thylakoid membrane by ATP synthase and make ATP

27.  http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/go v.html  http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm  http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/paper/go v.html  http://faculty.nl.edu/jste/photosynthesis.htm

28. Light Reactions

29. Do Now 1. Why is it called the light dependent reactions? 2. What are the products of the light reactions? 1. Why is it called the light dependent reactions? 2. What are the products of the light reactions?

31. Photosystems I & II  In thylakoid membranes  Absorbs sunlight here  A clump of chlorophyll and other pigments  Excites electrons and moves them down ETC to combine with NADP  In thylakoid membranes  Absorbs sunlight here  A clump of chlorophyll and other pigments  Excites electrons and moves them down ETC to combine with NADP

32. Cyclic Photophosphorylation  Only photosystem 1  Makes only 6 ATP  Only photosystem 1  Makes only 6 ATP

33. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation  Uses both photosystems I & II  Makes 12 NADPH and 6 ATP  Uses both photosystems I & II  Makes 12 NADPH and 6 ATP

34. Noncyclic Photophosphorylation 1.Light energy hits PSII excites electrons 2.Excited Electron gets ready to travel down ETC 3.Light energy splits water into H +, e -, and O 2 4.The electrons replaced those lost as electrons travel down ETC into PSI, making 6 ATP 5.Nonenergized electrons go into PSI 1.Light energy hits PSII excites electrons 2.Excited Electron gets ready to travel down ETC 3.Light energy splits water into H +, e -, and O 2 4.The electrons replaced those lost as electrons travel down ETC into PSI, making 6 ATP 5.Nonenergized electrons go into PSI

35. 6.Light energy hits PSI, excites electrons 7.Excited electrons travel down 2 nd ETC 8.Electrons and H + are added to NADP 9.Makes 12 NADPH 6.Light energy hits PSI, excites electrons 7.Excited electrons travel down 2 nd ETC 8.Electrons and H + are added to NADP 9.Makes 12 NADPH

36. Questions  How are cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation similar?  How are they different?  How are cyclic and noncyclic phosphorylation similar?  How are they different?

38. Calvin Cycle/Dark/Light Independent Reactions  ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with CO 2 to form a glucose  Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).  Products are C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP + (which return to the light reactions).  ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used along with CO 2 to form a glucose  Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts (the liquid filling).  Products are C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose), ADP, and NADP + (which return to the light reactions).

39. Important Facts of the Calvin Cycle  The 3-carbon sugar that is synthesized is known by different names  G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL)  A VERY important eznyme required for the Calvin Cycle is RUBISCO  The making of sugar is a reduction reaction  Because, CO 2 is gaining hydrogen  The 3-carbon sugar that is synthesized is known by different names  G3P, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (PGAL)  A VERY important eznyme required for the Calvin Cycle is RUBISCO  The making of sugar is a reduction reaction  Because, CO 2 is gaining hydrogen

42. Sunlight NADP + ADP NADPH CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 CHLOROPLAST ATP

44. Review 1.What are ATP and NADPH used for? 2.Why is it called light-dependent reactions? 3.What are the 2 reactants for this part of photosynthesis? 4.What are the 3 products of the light- dependent reaction? 1.What are ATP and NADPH used for? 2.Why is it called light-dependent reactions? 3.What are the 2 reactants for this part of photosynthesis? 4.What are the 3 products of the light- dependent reaction?

45. Do Now 1.Grab one of each sheet and colored pencils 2.Hand in Quiz Corrections 1.Grab one of each sheet and colored pencils 2.Hand in Quiz Corrections

46. Parts of the leaf  Cuticle  Layer of wax to keep water in leaf  Upper Epidermis  Outer layer of cells on top of leaf  Palisade Mesophyll  Where photosynthesis takes place  Spongy Mesophyll  Important place of gas exchange  Lower Epidermis  Outer layer of cells on bottom of leaf  Cuticle  Layer of wax to keep water in leaf  Upper Epidermis  Outer layer of cells on top of leaf  Palisade Mesophyll  Where photosynthesis takes place  Spongy Mesophyll  Important place of gas exchange  Lower Epidermis  Outer layer of cells on bottom of leaf

47.  Stomate  Openings on bottom of leaf  Guard Cells  Specialized cells that open and close stomates  Xylem  Veins that carry nutrients up the top of the plant  Phloem  Veins to carry nutrients down to the roots  Air Space  Area in spongy layer for CO 2 for photosynthesis  Stomate  Openings on bottom of leaf  Guard Cells  Specialized cells that open and close stomates  Xylem  Veins that carry nutrients up the top of the plant  Phloem  Veins to carry nutrients down to the roots  Air Space  Area in spongy layer for CO 2 for photosynthesis

49.  Cuticle - purple  Lower epidermis - tan  Palisade layer - dark green  Phloem - blue  Upper epidermis - yellow  Spongy layer - orange  Xylem - red  Guard cells - dark green  Cuticle - purple  Lower epidermis - tan  Palisade layer - dark green  Phloem - blue  Upper epidermis - yellow  Spongy layer - orange  Xylem - red  Guard cells - dark green

50. Do Now 1.List at least two things that would affect the rate of photosynthesis. (Think about what helps plant grow) 2.HAND IN LEAF PARTS LAB 1.List at least two things that would affect the rate of photosynthesis. (Think about what helps plant grow) 2.HAND IN LEAF PARTS LAB

51. 4 Factors that affect Photosynthesis 1.Light Intensity 2.Temperature 3.Water availability 4.Mineral availability  As they increase, they increase photosynthetic rate BUT  Too much of these causes photosynthesis to slow down 1.Light Intensity 2.Temperature 3.Water availability 4.Mineral availability  As they increase, they increase photosynthetic rate BUT  Too much of these causes photosynthesis to slow down

52. Do Now  Why do leaves change color in autumn?

53. Review 1.Why is it called light independent reactions or dark reactions? 2.How many glucose molecules do we make at the end of the light independent reactions? 1.Why is it called light independent reactions or dark reactions? 2.How many glucose molecules do we make at the end of the light independent reactions?

54. Special Cases  C 4 plants  Make a 4 carbon sugar instead of glucose. Fix CO 2 more rapidly but need more light energy  Ex: sugar cane and corn  CAM plants  Plants that close stomates during the day to prevent water loss  EX: cactus  Heterotrophic plants  Plants that also engulf other organisms  Ex: mistletoe, dodder plant, venus fly traps  C 4 plants  Make a 4 carbon sugar instead of glucose. Fix CO 2 more rapidly but need more light energy  Ex: sugar cane and corn  CAM plants  Plants that close stomates during the day to prevent water loss  EX: cactus  Heterotrophic plants  Plants that also engulf other organisms  Ex: mistletoe, dodder plant, venus fly traps

55. Chemosynthesis  Some autotrophs can convert inorganic substances to energy.  Most are adapted to live in conditions where there is no oxygen.  Marshes.  Lake sediments.  Digestive tracts of mammals.  Deep in the ocean.  Some autotrophs can convert inorganic substances to energy.  Most are adapted to live in conditions where there is no oxygen.  Marshes.  Lake sediments.  Digestive tracts of mammals.  Deep in the ocean.

57. Fill out your bingo sheet 1.H2O 2.Photosystem 3.Yellow 4.Green 5.Heterotrophic 6.Light Reaction 7.Glucose 8.Palisade Layer 9.NADPH 10.Chlorophyll b 11.Chlorophyll a 12.Dog 1.H2O 2.Photosystem 3.Yellow 4.Green 5.Heterotrophic 6.Light Reaction 7.Glucose 8.Palisade Layer 9.NADPH 10.Chlorophyll b 11.Chlorophyll a 12.Dog 13.Sunlight 14.Stroma 15.Thylakoid 16.Spongy Layer 17.RuBP 18.Calvin Cycle 19.PGAL 20.Cuticle 21.CAM 22.C4 23.Stomata 24.Guard Cells

58. Sunlight Photo- System I Photo- system II NADP + ADP NADPH ATP Calvin CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NAD + NADH Electron Transport System Cycle Citric Acid Heat CHLOROPLASTMITOCHONDRION ATP Glycolysis Glucose Pyruvate Cycle

59. Sunlight Photo- System I Photo- system II NADP + ADP NADPH ATP Cycle Calvin CO 2 H2OH2O O2O2 ATP NAD + NADH Electron Transport System Cycle Citric Acid Heat CHLOROPLASTMITOCHONDRION Glucose ATP Pyruvate Glycolysis