1.
Eckhart Tolle: What is the purpose of mental illness?

2. “No drug can mend a broken heart, fill an empty life, or teach parents
how to love their children.”
Preston, John in: ”Child and Clinical
Psychopharmacology.2006

3. PSYCHOTROPICS Antianxiety Drugs Antidepressants Antipsychotics
Antimanics

4. ANXIETY DISORDERS Panic disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Social anxiety disorder
Specific phobias
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

6. Antianxiety Drugs History:
1830: Chloral Hydrate – induces sleep within 30 minutes (“Mickey Finn”)
1882:Paraldehyde - used to treat DTs
Bromide Salts – used for sleep and anxieties

7. Barbiturates
1864 – Adolf von Baeyer synthesized malonic acid and urea – barbituric acid –
3000 compounds have been synthesized and 50 have been marketed
barbiturates have been recommended for 77 different disorders
( Reinisch & Sanders,1982)

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

9. Benzodiazepines Five primary effects: a) hypnotic b) anxiolytic
c) anti-seizure
d) muscle relaxant
e) amnestic

10. Long-acting drugs Valium, Librium, Dalmane, Tranxene
rodrigoedipo.files.wordpress

11. Intermediate-acting drugs:
Ativan
Intermediate-acting drugs:
Restoril
Klonopin
ProSom

12. Short-acting Benzodiazepines:
Versed
Xanax
Halcion

13. Massive Drug Raid At Neverland Revealed…
When Santa Barbara County Sheriff's deputies raided Michael Jackson's Neverland Ranch in 2003, drug and drug-related paraphernalia was found in droves.
Below is the list of discovered items:
- A vial of powerful sedative, Versed - Several IV bags containing "a milky white fluid, located in a small cardboard box on top of the bathtub." Propofol and other anesthesias are milky white. - A vial of Promethazine, an antihistamine with strong sedative effects - A bottle of Alprazolam, a generic for Xanax - A bottle of Percocet, a painkiller - A syringe - A vial containing Demerol - Numerous loose pills outside bottles - A bottle of Prednisone, a steroid - Ery-tab, an antibiotic - Filled prescriptions for Xanax - Prescription for Alprazolam - Oxygen tanks - IV stands

14. When benzodiazepine drugs are in the vicinity of GABA receptors, the action of GABA is increased.
Facilitation of GABA produces a greater inhibition and a decreased activity level in the neurons involved.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008

15. NONBENZODIAZEPINE SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS AND ANTIANXIETY DRUGS
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Buspirone (BuSpar)
Beta blockers (Tenormin, Lopressor, Inderal)

16. Date Rape drugs
Rohypnol – flunitrazepam – long acting benzodiazepine – 10 times stronger than Valium
Known as “roofies”, “R2”, “Mexican Valium”

18. Mass overdose of students blamed on date rape drug
“A dozen American students have been hospitalized after having their drinks spiked, possibly with the date-rape drug rohypnol, at a freshers party in Washington state.
Police discovered partygoers in various states of consciousness on Saturday night after they kicked down the door of a house in the small town of Roslyn, near Seattle, after reports of a possible overdose. “

19. Date Rape Drugs continued
GHB – gamma-hydroxybutyrate
a potent sedative depressant
a body building aid
used for sexual enhancement

20. Low doses:
Euphoria
Decreased inhibitions
High Doses:
Extensive muscle relaxation Disorientation
Sleepiness and lethargy
Confusion
Loss of coordination and balance Heart rate and respiration lower Impaired learning and memory
Overdose:
Headache
Nausea and vomiting Hallucinations
Seizures
Amnesia
Respiratory depression
Loss of consciousness,
coma,
and possibly death

21. Party drug GHB is addictive
Published on : 16 May :30am | By Belinda van Steijn
“A growing number of young Dutch people are signing themselves into a drug clinic to kick their addiction to the party drug GHB (Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid). The drug, which was initially considered to be relatively innocent, has since been found to be extremely addictive.”

22. Antidepressants First Generation antidepressants
MAOIs – monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Nardil, Parnate
TCAs – tricyclic antidepressants
Elavil, Tofranil

23. Antidepressants continued
Second Generation antidepressants
SSRIs – Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft
SNRIs – Effexor, Edronax
Third generation antidepressant–
Remeron, Serzone

24. GENERATIONS OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS
First-generation drugs (Thorazine, Prolixin, Haldol, Mellaril, Navane, Stelazine)
Second-generation drugs (Clozaril, Loxitane, Zyprexa, Risperdal, Geodon)
Third-generation drugs (Abilify)

25. TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS
First-generation antipsychotic drugs are called typical antipsychotics because they can induce movement-control problems (Parkinson’s-like symptoms).
Second-generation and third-generation antipsychotics are called atypical antipsychotics because they do not induce this side effect.

26. EVIDENCE FOR THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Parkinson’s-like side effects when treated with first-generation antipsychotics indicate that dopamine levels have changed
Drugs that are most effective in treating schizophrenia are the ones that most effectively block dopamine
Overdose in an anti-Parkinson’s drug produces schizophrenic-like symptoms

28. MEDICATIONS FOR MANIA OR BIPOLAR DISORDER
Lithium carbonate
Valproate (Depakote)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
Combination of Zyprexa and Prozac (Symbyax)