1. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition
Chapter 3
Database Systems and Business Intelligence 1

2. Data Management Without data and the ability to process it
An organization could not successfully complete most business activities
For data to be transformed into useful information, it must first be organized in a meaningful way
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

3. The Database Approach Traditional approach to database management
Separate data files are created and stored for each application program
Database approach to database management
Multiple application programs share a pool of related data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

4. Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

5. Data Modeling Building a database requires two types of designs
Logical design
Abstract model of how data should be structured and arranged to meet an organization’s information needs
Physical design
Fine-tunes the logical database design for performance and cost considerations
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

6. Data Modeling (continued)
Planned data redundancy
Improves system performance
Data model
Diagram of data entities and their relationships
Enterprise data modeling
Data modeling done at the level of the entire enterprise
Entity-relationship (ER) diagrams
Data models that use basic graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationships between data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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8. The Relational Database Model
Relational model
Describes data using a standard tabular format
Data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, the logical equivalent of files
Domain
Allowable values for data attributes
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

9. Database Management Systems (DBMS)
Group of programs used as an interface between a database and application programs or a database and the user
Used to manage all kinds of data for all kinds of purposes
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

10. Overview of Database Types
Flat file
Simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another
Single user
Only one person can use the database at a time
Multiple user
Allows dozens or hundreds of people to access the same database system at the same time
Examples: Oracle, Sybase, and IBM
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

11. Providing a User View Schema
Logical and physical structure of the data and relationships among the data in the database
Can be part of the database or a separate schema file
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

12. Creating and Modifying the Database
Data definition language (DDL)
Collection of instructions/commands that define and describe data and data relationships in a database
Allows database creator to describe the data and the data relationships that are to be contained in the schema
Data dictionary
Detailed description of all the data used in the database
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

13. Storing and Retrieving Data
One function of a DBMS
To be an interface between an application program and the database
Concurrency control
Method of dealing with a situation in which two or more people need to access the same record in a database at the same time
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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15. Manipulating Data and Generating Reports
Query-by-example (QBE)
Visual approach to developing database queries or requests
Data manipulation language (DML)
Commands that manipulate the data in a database
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Standardized data manipulation language
Lets programmers learn one powerful query language and use it on systems ranging from PCs to the largest mainframe computers
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

16. Database Administration
Database administrator (DBA) should:
Have a clear understanding of the fundamental business of the organization
Be proficient in the use of selected database management systems
Stay abreast of emerging technologies and new design approaches
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

17. Popular Database Management Systems
Popular DBMSs for end users
Microsoft Access and FileMaker Pro
Emerging software
Database as a Service (DaaS) or Database 2.0
Database administration is provided by the service provider
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

18. Selecting a Database Management System
Important characteristics of databases
Database size
Database cost
Concurrent users
Performance
Integration
Vendor
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

19. Using Databases with Other Software
Database management systems are often used with other software packages or the Internet
Front-end application
Directly interacts with users
Back-end application
Interacts with applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

20. Database Applications
Manipulate content of a database to produce useful information
Common manipulations
Searching, filtering, synthesizing, and assimilating data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

21. Linking Databases to the Internet
Semantic Web
Developing a seamless integration of traditional databases with the Internet
Allows people to access and manipulate a number of traditional databases at the same time through the Internet
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

22. Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Mining
Holds business information from many sources in the enterprise
Data mart
Subset of a data warehouse
Data mining
Information-analysis tool for discovering patterns and relationships in a data warehouse
Predictive analysis: combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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25. Business Intelligence
Gathering the right information in a timely manner and usable form and analyzing it to have a positive impact on business
Competitive intelligence
Limited to information about competitors and the ways that knowledge affects strategy, tactics, and operations
Counterintelligence
Steps an organization takes to protect information sought by “hostile” intelligence gatherers
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

26. Distributed Databases
Data may be spread across several smaller databases connected via telecommunications devices
Give corporations and other organizations more flexibility in how databases are organized and used
Replicated database
Holds a duplicate set of frequently used data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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28. Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Software that allows users to explore data from a number of perspectives
Provides top-down, query-driven data analysis
Requires repetitive testing of user originated theories
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

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30. Object-Relational Database Management Systems
Object-oriented database
Database that stores both data and its processing instructions
Object-oriented database management system (OODBMS)
Programs that manipulate an object-oriented database and provide a user interface and connections to other application programs
Object-relational database management system (ORDBMS)
Capable of manipulating audio, video, and graphical data
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

31. Visual, Audio, and Other Database Systems
Virtual database systems
Allow different databases to work together as a unified database system
Spatial data technology
Use of a database to store and access data according to the locations it describes
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

32. Summary Data Traditional file-oriented applications Data model DBMS
Organized into a hierarchy that builds from the smallest element to the largest
Traditional file-oriented applications
Often characterized by program-data dependence
Data model
Map or diagram of entities and their relationships
DBMS
Group of programs used as an interface between a database and its users and other applications
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition

33. Summary (continued) After a DBMS has been installed Data warehouse
It can be accessed, modified, and queried via a data manipulation language
Data warehouse
Relational database management systems specifically designed to support management decision making
Business intelligence
Getting enough of the right information in a timely manner and usable form
Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fifth Edition