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 WORLD ISSUES.  Compact  Prorupted  Elongated  Fragmented  Perforted.

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Presentation on theme: " WORLD ISSUES.  Compact  Prorupted  Elongated  Fragmented  Perforted."— Presentation transcript:

1  WORLD ISSUES

2  Compact  Prorupted  Elongated  Fragmented  Perforted

3  Distance from center to boundary does not vary  Beneficial to small states; easy to set up communication systems if capital is in center  Efficient to govern  Examples: Rwanda and Uganda

4  Compact state with a large projecting extension  Can provide access to a resource  Separate two states that would share a boundary  Example: Caprivi strip in Namibia

5  State with large distance from one end to another but smaller distance side to side.  Regions can be separated from capital  Country may have poor communications  Ex. include Chile and Norway

6  State that has several discontinuous pieces of territory.  2 types  Separated by water and separated by another state.

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8  A state that completely surrounds another state.  Lesotho is surrounded by S. Africa

9  Lacks a direct outlet to the sea.  Ocean access is critical, international trade.  Landlocked states must work with neighboring states to transport goods to the ocean.  Most common in Africa, 14 states are landlocked

10  Physical  Geometric  Anthropographic (Cultural)

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12  Almost always appear as straight lines  Usually follow lines of latitude or longitude  Completely created by humans  Examples  Border between MN and IA  Northwest Angle

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14  Use a physical feature of the landscape  Rivers: easy but problematic  The darn things move!  People tend to live along them, so population centers get divided  Mountain ridges: awesome, they stay still and people don’t live along the tops of mountains.

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18  Borders that separate cultural features  Language groups  Religion  Ethnicity  Huge advantage: makes political units (countries) that have consistent cultural features. Much easier to govern.  Not as easy to create.

19  Religious boundaries  Used in dividing Ireland and Pakistan/India  Language Boundaries  European countries set main boundaries based on language. Ex. France, Germany, and Italy.

20  Religious boundaries  Used in dividing Ireland and Pakistan/India  Language Boundaries  European countries set main boundaries based on language. Ex. France, Germany, and Italy.

21  Antecedent boundary —drawn before an area becomes populated.  Subsequent boundary —drawn after the cultural landscape has been developed.  Consequent boundary is a type of subsequent boundary that is drawn to accommodate differences within a state.  Subsequent superimposed boundaries — boundaries forced on a country by a conquering or colonizing power.

22  1. Positional disputes: When states disagree about the interpretations of documents that define a boundary. Usually arise when the boundary is antecedent.  2. Territorial dispute: These arise when a boundary has been superimposed and divides a ethnic population.

23  3. Resource disputes: Disagree to the resources and their use in boundary areas.  4. Functional disputes: arise when neighboring states disagree over policies applied to boundaries. Usually over the issue of land use or immigration.

24  1. Unitary : Highly centralized governments, few internal cultural contrasts, strong sense of national identity, borders are cultural as well as political.  2. Federal : Associations with provinces or states and the states have strong regional govt. responsibilities. Capital city was created to serve as an administration center.  The trend is for countries to have a federal government.

25  establishes the legal code  what kind of currency will be used  may have to join army  speak a common language  kind of religion that is taught in school

26  Geopolitics is the study of economic, political, and military value of space to help predict and direct international relations.

27  State resembles a biological organism.  To prolong its existence, a state needs nourishment.  Nourishment is provided by acquisition of territories.  If a state is confined with static boundaries, the state will die.  Territory is the state’s essential life-giving force.

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29  1861-1947  Founded the London School of Economics in 1895  In 1904 wrote “The Geographic Pivot of History”  Within this paper he discussed the Heartland theory.

30  The Earth is divided into two sections  One section is called the “World Island” made up of Europe and Asia—Eurasia.  The other section is the periphery, comprised of the Americas and Oceania.  The “Heartland” was Ukraine, W. Russia, and Eastern Europe.

31  The World Island had more resources and a larger population.  For the Periphery to conquer the W.I. the periphery would have to transport long distances by sea.  W.I. could locate industries deep inside for protection form invasion.

32  Who controls E. Europe rules the Heartland.  Who rules the Heartland rules the World Island.  Who rules the World Island rules the World.

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34  Near the end of WW II the theory was modified by Nicholas Spykman.  He argues that the coastal areas of the heartland or the Rimland were more important.

35  U.S. Foreign Policy decisions.  Containment and Domino Theory  Containment meant to “contain the spread of Communism”  The Domino Theory was that if one country fell to communism, soon after, the neighboring country would fall like a row of dominoes.

36  Many analysts believe these theories no longer apply to the current world situation because of the following.  breakup of the USSR/end of the cold war  development of nuclear power  rise of Japan/China/W. Europe  decline of power of the U.S.

37  Many political geographers believe it is not military power that will cause conflict and shape the world in the future but two other forms competition.  1. Economic rivalry— economic competition between the north (developed countries) and the south (undeveloped countries).  2. Competition between different civilizations. More importantly many believe the world will be shaped by eight major civilizations and the conflicts between them.

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39  Organization that brings together countries to promote world peace  Provides a forum where countries can discuss international and regional concerns.

40  World Health Organization (WHO)  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)  United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

41  Much of the UN budget is committed to assisting states with economic growth and development.  UN has NO authority of any countries military.  Most recently has taken a different approach to world affairs.

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43  Territorial Sea, 12nm (19km). Coastal states have sovereignty. Most vessels have the rights to innocent passage.  Contiguous zone, to 24nm (38km). Coastal states do not have complete sovereignty, but can enforce some laws and pursue out of territorial waters.

44  Exclusive Economic zone (EEZ), up to 200nm (370km). State has rights to explore and exploit natural resources. Has rights to continental shelf up to 350nm beyond their coasts.  High Seas. Outside any one state’s jurisdiction. All minerals are the property of humankind.

45  Located in Geneva, Switzerland  WTO is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations.  Handles trade disputes between states  Goal of WTO is to cut tariffs and dismantle all barriers to trade.

46  Also referred to as the common market.  The EU has rid Europe of trade barriers and allowed free movement of capital, goods, and people throughout member nations.  The EU has created a single European Market.

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48  NATO is an alliance of 26 countries from North America and Europe.  NATO treaty was signed on April 4, 1949.  NATO is a mutual defense agreement.

49  The Warsaw Pact was a military organization of Central & Eastern European Communist countries.  It was established in 1955 in response to the formation of NATO.  The Warsaw Pact dissolved in 1991.

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