1. Mexican History Three Time Periods 1. Colonialism (1519-1821) 2. Independence through Revolution of 1910 3. 20 th Century after the Revolution

2. 1. Colonialism (1519-1821) Spanish Colonialism’s Enduring Influences Mestizo Population – Blend of Spanish and native Indian (Amerindian) – Today: 60% of Mexican population Catholicism – Catholic missionaries spread the faith – Today: 80-90% Roman Catholic Spanish Language

3. 2. Independence through Revolution of 1910 1810-1821: Mexico battles for independence – Fr. Miguel Hidalgo led the rebellion (executed one year later) – Mexican elite continued the struggle. 1821: Gain independence Mural in Guadalajara’s Palacio de Gobierno

4. 2a. Characteristics of 1821-1876 Instability and legitimacy issues – Spanish took ruling hierarchy with them. – Power vacuum. – CAUDILLO (regional strongmen) battled for power. 1833-1855: Thirty-six presidents Rise of military power – Instability invited military control (i.e., General Santa Anna)

5. 2a. Characteristics of 1821-1876 U.S. Domination – Took California, Texas, and most of SW U.S. Mexican/American War 1848

6. 2b. The Porfiriato (1876-1911) General Porfirio Diaz – Led a military coup – Became dictator (1876-1911) Characteristics of this era: – Stability – Authoritarianism – Foreign Investment CIENTIFICOS: (technocrats) advisors who pushed for entrepreneurship and FDI – Growing gap between rich and poor

7. Mexican History Three Time Periods 1. Colonialism (1519-1821) 2. Independence through Revolution of 1910 3. 20 th Century after the Revolution

8. 3. 20 th Century After the Revolution 1910 Revolution Caudillos (elites): Fed up with Diaz’ authoritarianism & foreign influence. Peasants: Fed up with poverty Various caudillos led bands of armed peasants. – Emiliano Zapata & Pancho Villa Diaz forced from power 1910-1934: Assassinations and bloody violence among caudillos and government.

9. Forming the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) 1929: Convention of caudillos Goal: Create one, big political party; pass around the leadership – President gets only one six-year term (SEXENIO) Principle of “non-reelection” Then must step aside for another leader – Remaining caudillos get important government positions. 1929-2000: PRI Controls Mexican Politics

10. PRI (1929-2000) Compromise among elites. Behind-the-scenes conflict resolution. Political/economic rewards to those who play the game.

11. Comparing Revolutions Motivations for Revolution Russia: – Defeat authoritarian government /tsars – Spread Marxist ideology China: – Defeat authoritarian/dynastic government – Drive out “foreign devils.” Mexico: – Defeat authoritarian government – Anti-foreign dependency – Elite power struggle

12. Characteristics of Revolution Russia – Led by Lenin and Bolsheviks – 4-Year Civil War China – Fighting among regional warlords, Nationalists, and Communists – Lengthy Civil War Mexico – Fighting among regional caudillos – Lengthy period of instability and violence

13. Outcome of Revolutions Russia – Marxist-Leninist style of Communism – One-party state China – Maoist style of Communism – One-party state Mexico – PRI created – One party-dominant state

14. PRI (1929-2000) Compromise among elites. Behind-the-scenes conflict resolution. Political/economic rewards to those who play the game.

15. PRI’s Patron-Client Networks “Clientelism” PRI “Camarillas” – Origins with 19 th century CAUDILLOS. – Supporters received political/economic/social favors. – Hierarchical network – Offices and benefits exchanged among politicians – Citizens receive perks for loyalty Minister Asst. Minister Deputy Minister Asst. Minister Deputy Minister

16. Mexican Lives 1.What is Miguel’s job? 2.Describe the patron-client hierarchy. A.What does Miguel give? (identify 2 things) B.What does he receive? (list 3 specific examples) 3.Describe 2 specific examples from Miguel’s childhood of the PRI’s patron-client network in action. 4.Describe one example from Miguel’s time as a factory worker of the PRI’s patron-client network in action.

17. Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940) Stabilized and radicalized (socialism) Mexican politics Champion of the peasants 1. Agrarian Reform EJIDOS – Created Collective/Cooperative Lands – Taken from foreigners and landlords – Worked by peasants – 50 million acres of land

18. Lazaro Cardenas (1934-1940) 2.Formation of Unions & Peasant Organizations Organizations became part of PRI machine Influence in public policy – State Corporatism 3. Nationalized Oil Industry PEMEX created. Diaz’ foreign investors were kicked out. 4.Legitimacy to New Government/PRI Stepped aside after 6 years.

19. 1934-2000: 11 PRI Presidents

20. Gradual erosion of PRI’s monopoly on power

21. Erosion of PRI’s Monopoly on Power POLITICAL CHANGES PRI Progressives believed changes in politics=greater legitimacy 1.(1964) Legislature began proportional representation Low 2.5% Threshold 1998: 240 of lower houses 500 deputies were PRI opposition 2.(1990) Federal Election Institute Independent organization to control elections Greatly reduced voter fraud 3.Permit some fair local/regional elections

22. Erosion of PRI’s Monopoly on Power Governors by Party (1960-2000)

23. Erosion of PRI’s Monopoly on Power Presidential Elections by Party (1964-2000)

24. Erosion of PRI’s Monopoly on Power ECONOMIC ISSUES Several economic crises between 1980-2000 – 1980s: oil prices plunged; Mexico=recession – Mid-1990s: peso lost half its value Bailed out by the U.S. Mexico=severe austerity measures

25. Election of 2000 CANDIDATEPARTYVOTEPERCENTAGE VICENTE FOXPAN15.99 million42.52 FRANCISCO LABASTIDA PRI13.58 million36.11 CUAUHTEMOC CARDENAS PRD6.26 million16.64

26. Election of 2006 CANDIDATEPARTYVOTEPERCENTAGE Felipe CalderonPAN15.00 million35.89% Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador PRD14.76 million35.31% Roberto MadrazoPRI9.3 million22.26%

27. “Obrador to be ‘Parallel President’” Lisa Adams in Mexico City and Associated Press The Guardian, Sunday 17 September 2006 The Guardian Hundreds of thousands of supporters of Mexico's leftwing leader, Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, elected him head of a parallel government that plans to oppose president-elect Felipe Calderon's administration for the next six years. The weekend "vote" - a show of hands in the capital's vast Zocalo plaza -follows weeks of dispute over the July 2 national election. Mr Lopez Obrador claims that fraud and illegal government spending were responsible for the conservative Mr Calderon's narrow poll victory. The crowd agreed not to recognise Mr Calderon as the nation's leader, and to create a parallel government in Mexico City, complete with its own cabinet. Mr Lopez Obrador will be sworn in as "legitimate president" on November 20, the Mexican Revolution holiday. Mr Calderon will be inaugurated on December 1.

28. Political Parties of Mexico

29. National Action Party (PAN) Established in 1939 Platform Economic liberalization Regional autonomy Free and fair elections Strong support of Catholic Church Party on the right

30. Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) Established 1986 Broke away from PRI Platform Populist (favor the people over the elite) Nationalist Arguably “won” in 1988. Barely lost in 2006. Party on the left

31. Voter Identification PRI Small town and rural Less educated/poorer Older PAN Urban Better educated Professionals/Business Less church/state separation PRD Small town or urban Some education Younger/politically active

32. 2000 Election Blue=PAN Green=PRI Yellow=PRD 2006 Election

33. Election of 2012 CANDIDATEPARTYVOTEPERCENTAGE Enrique Pena NietoPRI19.2 million39% Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador PRD15.9 million32% Josefina Vazquez Mota PAN12.7 million26%

34. Election of 2012 Green=PRI Yellow=PRD Blue=PAN