1. APACHE 2.0 A Look Under the Hood CHUUG, June 2002 by Cliff Woolley jwoolley@apache.org

2. Introduction Assumptions The problems with the design of 1.3 How Apache 2.0 addresses them

3. Assumptions You are somewhat familiar with configuring Apache 1.3 That you understand the concept of Apache modules

4. The problems with 1.3 Non-standard configuration scripts Porting to new and unusual platforms is difficult Doesn’t scale well Modules can’t interact in particularly interesting ways

5. How Apache 2.0 addresses these design problems Configuration now uses GNU autoconf The Apache Portable Runtime (APR) Multi-Processing Modules (MPMs) I/O filtering “hooks”

6. The build environment: Using GNU autoconf No more APACI – now it’s the real thing No more Configuration.tmpl – everything uses./configure arguments (hint: look at config.nice) Autoconf’s feature tests are nice from a developer’s perspective

7. The build environment: The source tree layout Modules categorized by function, not just lumped together Platform-specific files hidden away Vendors can add their own module directories

8. The Apache Portable Runtime Platform Abstraction Resource Management Consistency, consistency, consistency

9. APR: Platform abstraction Feature tests Native OS-specific data structures hidden behind a consistent interface

10. APR: Resource management Memory allocation handled for you Resource lifetimes arranged into a tree that’s easy to prune

11. APR: All about consistency …interface to the Operating System …resource handling Naming convention! (i.e., be ready for renames)

12. Multi-Processing Modules What are they? How do you configure them? Which one is best?

13. MPMs defined A module that is specialized for managing the process/thread model used by Apache on a particular platform Each has its own target OS and scalability goals

14. MPM configuration # prefork MPM # StartServers: number of server processes to start # MinSpareServers: minimum number of server processes which are kept spare # MaxSpareServers: maximum number of server processes which are kept spare # MaxClients: maximum number of server processes allowed to start # MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves StartServers 5 MinSpareServers 5 MaxSpareServers 10 MaxClients 150 MaxRequestsPerChild 0

15. MPM configuration # worker MPM # StartServers: initial number of server processes to start # MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections # MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare # MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare # ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process # MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves StartServers 2 MaxClients 150 MinSpareThreads 25 MaxSpareThreads 75 ThreadsPerChild 25 MaxRequestsPerChild 0

16. MPMs: How to choose Benchmark!! (but don’t trust ab) Consider RAM usage vs. performance, etc. Other tunability factors too, but this is the big one

17. Filtered I/O Bucket Brigades (my specialty :) Input Filters Output Filters

18. Bucket Brigades A convenient abstract data type What do they look like? How are they used? What good are they?

19. Input filtering Data is “pulled” from the client through the input filters Each filter transforms the data it hands back to its caller in some way Order is assigned at the beginning of each request

20. Output filtering The most common form – interesting things happen when old-style “handlers” get converted into output filters Data is “pushed” to the client through the output filters Again, each filter transforms the data that passes through it

21. Apache modules The module structure itself has changed: module MODULE_VAR_EXPORT foo_module = { STANDARD_MODULE_STUFF, foo_init_Module, /* module initializer */ foo_config_perdir_create, /* create per-dir config structures */ foo_config_perdir_merge, /* merge per-dir config structures */ foo_config_server_create, /* create per-server config structures */ foo_config_server_merge, /* merge per-server config structures */ foo_config_cmds, /* table of config file commands */ foo_config_handler, /* [#8] MIME-typed-dispatched handlers */ foo_hook_Translate, /* [#1] URI to filename translation */ foo_hook_Auth, /* [#4] validate user id from request */ foo_hook_UserCheck, /* [#5] check if the user is ok _here_ */ foo_hook_Access, /* [#3] check access by host address */ NULL, /* [#6] determine MIME type */ foo_hook_Fixup, /* [#7] pre-run fixups */ NULL, /* [#9] log a transaction */ NULL, /* [#2] header parser */ foo_init_Child, /* child_init */ NULL, /* child_exit */ foo_hook_ReadReq, /* [#0] post read-request */ };

22. Apache modules The module structure itself has changed: module AP_MODULE_DECLARE_DATA foo_module = { STANDARD20_MODULE_STUFF, foo_config_perdir_create, /* create per-dir config structures */ foo_config_perdir_merge, /* merge per-dir config structures */ foo_config_server_create, /* create per-server config structures */ foo_config_server_merge, /* merge per-server config structures */ foo_config_cmds, /* table of configuration directives */ foo_register_hooks /* register hooks */ };

23. Apache modules What happened to all the other functions? How does a module register interest in one of those functions?

24. Hooks A new, more flexible replacement for most of the module_struct’s “phases” Order is runtime-selectable (mostly) Any module can register its own hooks – this allows a whole new level of inter- module cooperation

25. Hooks: example static void register_hooks(apr_pool_t *p) { APR_REGISTER_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_ssi_get_tag_and_value); APR_REGISTER_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_ssi_parse_string); APR_REGISTER_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_register_include_handler); ap_hook_post_config(include_post_config, NULL, NULL, APR_HOOK_REALLY_FIRST); ap_hook_fixups(include_fixup, NULL, NULL, APR_HOOK_LAST); ap_register_output_filter("INCLUDES", includes_filter, AP_FTYPE_RESOURCE); }

26. Hooks: example cont. static int include_post_config(apr_pool_t *p, apr_pool_t *plog, apr_pool_t *ptemp, server_rec *s) { include_hash = apr_hash_make(p); ssi_pfn_register = APR_RETRIEVE_OPTIONAL_FN(ap_register_include_handler); if(ssi_pfn_register) { ssi_pfn_register("if", handle_if); ssi_pfn_register("set", handle_set); ssi_pfn_register("else", handle_else); } return OK; }

27. Conclusion What will I get when upgrading to Apache 2.0? What won’t I get (yet)? Future directions

28. Questions?