1. URBAN GEOGRAPHY

2. LEARNING OUTCOME  Understanding of why people live in cities and where cities originated.

3. REMEMBER…AGRICULTURE?  Agricultural Surplus: Producing more. Growing more than a single person can consume. Resulted from technology, like irrigation.  Social Stratification: Leadership class who controlled the surplus and the technology. -Leadership class did not work in fields & were able to do other things like write, be religious, and philosophy. -Created laws, which are a basis for cities. -Group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others.  Hinterland: the area surrounding a city from which it obtains food -Range and fertility of the hinterland determines the size of the city

4. URBAN HEARTHS

5. SITE  Site: Absolute location. The physical elements; defensibility, fertility of soil.  Things you have to take into consideration:  - Mountains?  -Water?  -Plains?  -Plateau's?

6. SITUATION  Situation: "The relative location, it's place in its region and the world around it.“  This is going to influence the cities  Timbuktu was a trade route location, large city, now relatively deserted  Takes into consideration the world around the city and how it interacts.

7. URBAN GEOGRAPHY  Urban Geography: Focuses on how cities function, their internal systems and structures, and the external influences on them.  Study of Systems of Cities: focuses on where and why a city is located. Looks externally at a city and how they are connected.  Study of Internal Cities: focuses on internal working and structures of cities. Includes patterns of land use, racial and ethnic segregation, transportation and cycles of construction.

8. SITUATION CAN CHANGE

9. DEFINING URBANISM:  Urban: (Foulberg 277): the buildup of the central city and the suburban realm-the city and the surrounding envision connected to the city. Non-rural and non-agricultural.  Urbanization: refers to the increase in the percentage of people who live within the cities (Malinowski, p. 284)  City & Town: (Getis, p. 385) “denote nucleated settlements, multifunctional in character, including an established central business district and both residential and nonresidential land uses.”

10. EXTERNAL SITUATION INFLUENCE CITY: BORCHERT’S EPOCHS OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION Sail-Wagon Period: 1790-1830. Ships were transportation, once goods on land, they were hauled by wagon to destination. Iron-Horse Period: 1830-1870 the railroad transported goods and people in this period. The steel-rail period: 1870-1920 steel primary building material, mining and transport provided many jobs The auto-air-amendity period 1920-1960 automobile angine. Farther commute and live outside central urban area

11. URBAN HIERARCHY  Hamlet: few dozen people and offer limited services. (Gas station and general store)

12. URBAN HIERARCHY  Villages: larger than hamlets and offer more services. There maybe stores specializing in the sale of food, clothing, furniture, and so on.

13. URBAN HIERARCHY CONT.  Towns: 50 to a few thousand people. Considered urban area with a defined boundary, but are smaller than a city in terms of population and area. Surrounding farms are “hinterland”

14. URBAN HIERARCHY CONT.  Cities: tens of thousands of people.  10,000+

15. URBAN HIERARCHY CONT.  Metropolises: incorporate large areas and are focused around one large city.  50,000+

16. POPULATIONS CIRCA. 1700 AND TODAY METRO AREAS: FUNCTION AS AN ECONOMIC UNIT  London 1700: 500,000 2013: 7,800,000  New York 1700: 4,9372013: 8,336,000  Paris 1700: 515,0002013: 2,200,000  Mexico City 1900: 500,0002013: 8,000,000  Tokyo 1700: 1,200,0002013: 13,000,000

17. CITY (SMALLER UNITS OF URBAN AREAS)

18. URBANIZED AREA: CONTINUOUSLY BUILT-UP LANDSCAPE SO CLOSE TOGETHER. (THIS IS HOUSTON)