1. Advances in Optical Networking
Jeff Verrant
Senior Engineer
Research and Education Initiatives
Ciena Government Solutions, Inc.

2. Agenda Lightwave Technologies Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

3. Network Solutions for Research & Education
Remote
Off-Fiber
Campus
Solutions
University
National
Lab
HPC Lab
Research
University
Regional
Optical
Network
Research
University
National
Backbone
Connectivity
Optical Add/Drop
GbE/10GbE
Storage
SONET
National
Lab
Fully Automated Turnup and Management of Optical Connections
2.5G
10G
40G
Metro/Regional DWDM
Intelligent Optical Switching
Long Haul DWDM

4. CoreStream: Flexible Transport Platform for the Future
One Platform for all applications
eFEC, Raman, multi-stage EDFAs, pre-emphasis, and spectrum flattening allow CoreStream to handle span designs from km
CoreStream is approved for NDSF, NZDSF, and DSF
Transceivers for 2.5G, 10G, 40G available today
50GHz (for ~3000km) & 25GHz (up to ~2000km) channel spacings
Cost is reduced by installing special technologies only where needed
25GHz systems can be used to provide high capacities as 40G technologies become more cost effective
28 Channels
40 Gbps
100 GHz spacing
8 Channels
10 Gbps
25 GHz spacing
Data rates/channel spacing mixed at the sub-band level
Mixed rate deployment likely
Optimize Capacity x Distance for each sub-band separately
>3000 km, 80x10Gb/s 50 GHz
2000 km, 160x10Gb/s 25 GHz
The CoreStream Platform is a very flexible transport platform that can accommodate a range of data rates, channel spacings, modulation formats, and distance x capacity demands.
The modular architecture allows advanced technologies to be incorporated as they are developed and only where they are needed to keep costs low.
OADM Nodes
Up to 1600 km, 40x40Gb/s 100 GHz
or 160x10Gb/s NRZ @ 25 GHz
Channel Counts are C-Band only.
Numbers assume NDSF and 8 dB FEC

5. Demonstrated System Capability with Raman
Fiber Type
Best mixed 40/10G Capacity
Distance
Total Capacity
NDSF
40ch x 40G
1600km
1.60Tb/s
DSF
19ch x 40G + 24ch x 10G
1000km
1.00Tb/s TW
32ch x 40G + 16ch x 10G
1.44Tb/s
TW-RS
E-LEAF
The ability to mix and match data rates allows the CoreStream system to achieve more than 1.4 Tbps on any type of fiber except DSF.
Capacity is for C-band propagation only
Pure 10G capacity is 1.92 Tbps
Distances are ~ 1200 km without Raman

6. (standard CBR mapping)
40G Configurations
OC-768 POS
(standard CBR mapping)
OC-768/STM-256
POS
Standard
OTU3
WDM
Infrastructure
4 x 10G
Muxponder
4 x 10G
Muxponder
OTU3
Regenerator
Support standard OTU3 / OC-768
Support standard 40G multiplexing
OC-192/STM-64 ( G)
10GbELAN ( G, GFP-F mapping)
OTU2 (10.7G)
Support standard OTU3 regenerator
Overrate clients??
10GFC ( G)
OTU2-LAN (11.05G)
OTU2-LAN (11.09G)
OTU2-FC (11.27G)
Proprietary Muxing ?
Use 10G waves only ?

7. Development Issues What is the 40G line rate?
40G POS client only requires standard OTU3 (43.018G line rate)
10G multiplexing creates possibly many different 40G line rates depending on solution (as high as G)
Non-standard, overrate, muxing will result in proprietary solutions, interop problems, and ASIC availability issues
Due to limited optical reach an OTU3 to OTU3 regenerator will probably be required
Ideally about 1600km reach w/o Raman.
New transceivers utilizing 50 / 100GHz DPSK modulation
Overrate solutions increase line rate and reduce reach

8. Beyond 40G ??
100G standards effort just beginning. IEEE Call of Interest this month Expect target G standard, at a minimum.
Proprietary Solution.
Bonded Nx10G, Nx40G G / 100G client.
Economics. Currently “ PAIN “ customers club.
COG’s and market price are premium.

9. Agenda Lightwave Technologies Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

10. How is OTN Deployed?
OTN is the common optical backbone network of the future.
OTN can provide transparent SONET/SDH services to end users who require section overhead bytes like DCC.
OTN maps all services into a common set of wavelengths – simplifying everything from monitoring and deployment to sparing and capacity management.
GbE
OCn/STMn FC
SDI
ISC
OTU-N

11. OTN and the OSI Stack Service OPVC OPTU OPU ODU OTU Physical GFP
The diagram on this page shows the OSI stack modified to show the OTN layers
The Service layer represents the end user service, it can be GbE, SONET, SDH, FC, or any other protocol.
For asynchronous services such as ESCON, GbE or FC the service is passed through a GFP mapper
The OPVC or Optical channel Payload Virtual Container handles mapping the service into a uniform format. The OPVC is the only layer that needs to change to support a new service type.
The OPTU or Optical channel Payload Tributary Unit maps the output of the OPVC into a timeslot and performs timing adaptations to unify the clocking.
The OPU or Optical channel Payload Unit contains all of the timeslots in the OTN frame.
The ODU or Optical channel Data Unit provides the path-level transport functions of the OPU.
The OTU or Optical Transport Unit provides the section-level overhead for the ODU and provides the GCC0 bytes.
The Physical layer maps the OTU into a wavelength or WDM muxing system.
Service
GFP
OPVC
OPTU
OPU
ODU
OTU
Physical

12. OTN revealed
OTN Framing is very similar to SONET and SDH framing. It can be represented by a table 4080 bytes long and 4 bytes high.
FA OH
OTUk OH
ODUk OH
OPUk OH
OPUk Payload
(4x3808 bytes)
OTUk FEC
(4x256 bytes)
3808 bytes
4 bytes
256 bytes
2 bytes
14 bytes
3 bytes
1 byte
7 bytes

13. 10GE for High Bandwidth Applications
Expected to become Intra-office interface of choice
Server connections
Router interface
Transparency of Ethernet MAC can be important
Solution for Transparent WAN connectivity not standardized
Data rate not compatible with standard framing for OC-192 or ODU-2
Supported using Agile Wavelengths today using OTU-2+ variation of G.709 (11+ Gbps)
10GE LAN PHY Transparency Issue
10GE LAN PHY
Gbps
9.995 Gbps
OTN OPU-2
ODU-2
O/H
OTU-2
Gbps
Gbps with 64B/66B Encoding
Gbps
Transparent transport of 10 GbE LAN PHY will require some changes to the standards. Currently there is not enough “room” in the OUT-2 definition to contain a full bandwidth 10 GbE LAN PHY signal without some compression or processing. As most physical devices can support the relatively small increment in data rate, the main obstacle to implementation of this potentially very low cost format is really just agreement on a new standard – the OUT-2+.

14. Agenda Lightwave Technologies Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

15. Ciena’s Intelligent Control Plane: History
Complete and deployed distributed routing and signaling mechanism for core mesh networks
Topology discovery with available bandwidth updates
Constraint based route calculation
In-band signaling for end-to-end sub-network connection (SNC) setup and mesh restoration
Standards based
G.ASON compliant (G , G …)
Mature, Scalable, and Reliable
20+ customers with control plane networks (largest has 100+ of nodes)
5 years of history; research, product, deployments
Only distributed mesh control plane currently widely deployed in live operation
Configuration
Provisioning
Restoration

16. Peer-to-Peer Signaling/Routing
Single Domain I-NNI G F H B
I-NNI Domain A E I
Peer-to-Peer Signaling/Routing
Within a single domain, all nodes share topology information
All nodes belong to a common trusted environment and share a common I-NNI (Interior Network-Network Interface)
A source node can initiate a connection with a single request message

17. Multi-Domain Control Plane
I-NNI Domain
I-NNI Domain G G F F H H B
O-UNI A
O-UNI E E I I
E-NNI
Networks support Multiple Domains
Carrier networks are multi-domain & multi-technology
A single control plane does not scale or fit all needs
Individual domains interoperate through the E-NNI or Exterior Network-Network Interface
This preserves domain characteristics and scalability

18. Ciena Standards Support
CoreDirector I-NNI optical control plane protocol (OSRP) is based on ITU ASON Recommendation G , with extensions for value-add functionality
Over 5 years of experience in live networks
Proven to significantly reduce operational costs and service activation time
Proven >99.999% service reliability in up to 120 node network
Available :
OIF O-UNI 1.0, based on ITU ASON Recommendation G
OIF E-NNI (also based on ITU G ),
O-UNI 2.0 and
IETF GMPLS (I-NNI)

19. OIF Implementation Agreements
Based on Requirements set by the Carrier WG
OIF UNI 1.0 (now in Release 2)
Implementation subset of GMPLS RSVP, CR-LDP and LMP
Optimized for SONET/SDH client interface
Tested at Supercomm 2001, OFC 2003, Supercomm 2004
OIF E-NNI 1.0
Implementation subset of GMPLS RSVP and OSPF
Optimized for SONET/SDH inter-domain interface
Tested at OFC 2003, Supercomm 2004
OIF UNI 2.0
Now in progress – adds features such as Ethernet

20. Ciena OIF Participation
Co-Founder and strong supporter
Co-founded with Cisco
Currently President
Participated in Supercomm and OFC demonstrations
Participated in UNI 1.0 and 2.0 development
Editor of UNI 1.0R2, E-NNI Signaling and Routing specifications
Keeping NNI aligned with ITU-T directions
Implementation of UNI 1.0R2, E-NNI 1.0

21. Ciena’s ITU-T Participation
Strong supporter of ASON work
Helped edit G and G Signaling Recommendations
Editor of G (Discovery Mechanisms)
Participated in editing of G.7715 (Routing Arch.)
Supplied main text to G (Routing Requirements)
Supporting ITU-T work on Management of ASON
Provided input to new G.7718 – ASON Management Framework
Editor of G (to be completed) – ASON Management Object Model
Implementation of G /2, G.7714, G

22. Ciena’s GMPLS Participation
Co-author of:
GMPLS framework
GMPLS signaling functional spec
GMPLS signaling for SONET/SDH
GMPLS signaling extensions (RSVP, CR-LDP)
GMPLS routing extensions (OSPF, IS-IS)
GMPLS LMP specification
GMPLS ASON requirements drafts
Continued participation…
Currently in Joint Design Team of experts to evaluate ASON-based routing extensions
Implementation of GMPLS RSVP/OSPF-TE

23. ASON/OIF Testing 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005 OIF Interops
Tested ASON/OIF UNI, E-NNI Signaling and E-NNI Routing
Testing venues include 7 carrier laboratories
Vendors include 15 major switch and router vendors
Tested
Interoperable OSPF-based E-NNI routing
Interoperable RSVP-based E-NNI signaling
Support of Ethernet over SONET/SDH using GFP
Support of VCAT/LCAS connections

24. ISOCORE Integrated IP/MPLS and Optical Control Plane Demonstration
Applications
e.g., VPN, VPLS,
Triple Play
IP/MPLS Domain
Optical Domain
CIENA CoreDirector® provided intelligent optical switching in the ISOCORE self-managed optical core at Supercomm 2004
GMPLS control plane protocols used for dynamic routing and automated circuit set up
Router clients forward IP/MPLS application traffic over the optical paths
Successful interoperation of GMPLS RSVP-TE and OSPF-TE in a multi-layer IP environment, including Cisco and Juniper routers

25. Agenda Lightwave Technologies Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

26. Optical Exchange Model – CoreDirector CI / DWR
CoreDirector CI and CN 4200 based solution
Multi-layer switch facility
Dynamic Wave Router – 3rd Gen Wavelength Tunable ROADM / Optical Switch
OTN interfaces for OTU1/2
OC3,12,48,192, GbE, 10GbE
O-UNI / NNI, GMPLS signaling
Research Partnerships control plane initiatives
SONET, Layer 2 witching
O-UNI, GMPLS Network Node
SONET, GbE, 10GbE WAN Interfaces
DWR-8 F A N
DWR-8 λ
Tunable
DWDM Ports
DWDM, OTN WAN interfaces F A N
POWER
POWER

27. 1x9 Multi-port Wavelength Selective Switch (MWSS) Technology
Functional Operation
Full reconfigurability of Add, Drop and Express ports
Drop any channel from incident optical spectrum
Single channel drop per port or
Drop any N wavelengths at a port
Power level control on each port
50GHz compatible
Expandable to higher degree node l1
MEMS mirror
(1 per l)
Input: l2 l3 …
l96 …
Diffraction
grating … … … … …
Express
Output Ports: 1 2 3 8
Another possible application…
Basic ROADM configuration
Multiple Express configuration
for multi-degree node/ring interconnect In
Express
1x9 MWSS In
1x9 MWSS
1 Express port
4 x Express
8 x Drop
4 x Drop

28. Agenda Lightwave Technologies Core Transport
OTN, G.709, the “ Digital Wrapper “
Deployable Control Plane Technologies
Optical Switching
GFP w/ VCAT-LCAS

29. Generic Framing Procedure (GFP) Executive Summary
GFP is an approved ITU Recommendation (G ) for adapting a wide variety of data signals to transport networks
Data Types
PDU-oriented (e.g., Ethernet, IP/PPP)
Block-code-oriented (e.g., ESCON, FICON, Fibre Channel)
Transport Networks
SONET (including Virtual Concatenation)
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
Other octet-synchronous paths
Other
client
signals
Ethernet
IP/PPP
MAPOS
RPR
Channel
Fibre
FICON
ESCON
GFP
Frame mapped
Transparent mapped
SONET/SDH path
Other
OTN ODUk path

30. GFP within the Protocol Hierarchy
Future Services
IP/Layer 3 Services
POS
GE, ESCON
FC/FICON
RPR
Storage Services
OTN
HDLC
GE, Ethernet
GFP
SONET
DWDM
Lambda Services
TDM Services
T1.105
DSn
ATM
PPP
X.86
HEC
Vcat
OC-N
Another mapping for IP services, a better mapping for Ethernet, an enabler for Storage services.
Future Services
IP Services
GE, ESCON
FC/FICON
RPR
Storage Services
OTN
GE, Ethernet
GFP
DWDM
Lambda Services
TDM Services
T1.105
DSn
PPP
Vcat
OC-N
Encapsulate & demarcate all services for common management
GFP – Generic Framing Procedure (ITU-T Rec. G.7041)
Uniform mapping of packet, storage & future services to global transport network
Maximise network efficiency & resource utilisation
VCAT – Virtual Concatenation of SONET/SDH
Flexible provisioning of dynamic multi-services with LCAS* (ITU-T Rec. G.7042)
*LCAS – Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme
Extending SONET/SDH to support new Broadband Optical Services

31. Virtual Concatenation
“Right-sizes” the provisioned SONET path for the client signal
Enables mapping into an arbitrary number of standard STS-1s
Transport capacity decoupled from service bandwidth – less stranded bandwidth
STS signals can be diversely routed through SONET network
Recombined to contiguous payloads at end point of transmission
Need to handle differential delays at egress due to diverse routing
Do this using internal buffers – 5us/km of fibre
Inter-works with all existing SONET/SDH equipment
Only source & sink terminals need to support VCAT
STS-1-2v
STS-1-4v
OC-192
SONET
STS-3c-4v
ESCON (160M)  STS-1-4v
Fibre Channel (1G)  STS-3c-6v
Gigabit Ethernet  STS-3c-nv
STS-1-2v
Provides superior link utilization for both voice and data services

32. VCAT – Soft Protection VCAT Link
New soft protection schemes possible
Improves efficiency beyond classic SONET protection strategies
Works best with packet services utilising CoS priority support
Soft protection via path diversity
100% transport capacity utilised under normal conditions (~99.99% availability)
On a failure, percentage of transport capacity is lost (due to impacted STSs)
Client signal automatically re-mapped into the remaining STSs
LCAS enables the VCAT link to be hitlessly repaired
VCAT Link

33. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) Executive Summary
An approved mechanism (ITU G ) for dynamically adjusting the size of a Virtually Concatenated channel
Allows services more flexibility for handling dynamic bandwidth demands
Relies on the NMS/EMS or O-UNI to provision the bandwidth change
Allows channel size adjustment to be hitless
Provides mechanism for adjustment of bandwidth during STS-1 failure
LCAS uses bit-oriented protocol encapsulated in control packets carried in SONET H4 Payload Overhead (16 125μs frames per control packet)

34. Ethernet Private Line Services

35. Managed IP Services over Transparent LANs

36. Backplane GbE/10GbE Ports Pluggable GbE /10GbE Ports
Ethernet Line Modules
Backplane GbE/10GbE Ports
Ethernet Services Line Modules
Integrated Layer 2 switching
20G full duplex Ether switch capacity
1 x 10GbE or 10 x GbE ports
Supports GFP-F, VCAT and LCAS
Variety of mappings possible: PPP, GFP, LAP-S, ATM/FR
Integrated NPU enables MAC learning bridge, Spanning Tree, VLANs, MPLS, PWE3, traffic prioritization, per flow traffic management, statistical multiplexing, link aggregation, port protection, etc.
Any-to-Any packet switching
Traffic from any port switched to any VCG
SON/SDH
Line
Module
Port to Port (Hairpin) 3
VCG to VCG (Server Mode) 2
VCG(s)
Port to VCG 1
NPU
SON/SDH
Mapper
Pluggable GbE /10GbE Ports
Traffic
Mgr
CD (TDM) Fabric
ESLM
SON/SDH
Line
Module

37. Ending slide