1. Chapter 1

3. Chapter 1 Introduction to Science
Science involves observation and basic rules.
Science requires investigation, planned experimenting, observation, and extensive testing of results.

4. Two main branches are social and natural.
Branches of science
Two main branches are social and natural.
We will be learning about Natural Science

5. Branches of science
Natural
Life
Physical
Earth
& Space

6. Science and Technology
Pure Science : the constant search for new knowledge.
Applied Science: take the work of pure scientist and look for practical applications. Technology, Engineering

9. Theory
Most logical explanation that has been tested by repeated observation.
Must explain observation simply and clearly
Experiments that illustrate a theory must be repeatable (Bring it to MES!)
Must be able to make predictions from your theory

10. Theories Many theories change over time. Ex. Big Bang Theory
new discoveries are always being made.
Ex. Big Bang Theory

12. Law A summary or statement of an observed natural event.
REMEBER, they do not explain the natural phenomenon.

13. Describing Observations
Qualitative- Measurements using words
Quantitative- measurements using equations and mathematics to describe something (numbers)
Models- scientific tool for studying large or small substances/systems

14. Ch. 1.2 The Scientific Method
This is an organized way of solving a problem or critical thinking.
Made up of several steps.

16. Practice!
Use the Scientific Method!

17. Ch1.3 Organizing Data
Graphs- a way for scientists to easily read and study data and information.
Line, bar, and pie graphs
Each graph has its own particular value when presenting info.

18. Pie Chart
Shows parts of a whole

19. Bar Graph
Easily shows a comparison

20. Line Graph
Shows change over time

21. The Metric System is Easy!
Can you multiply numbers by 10?
Can you divide numbers by 10?
…then you’re on your way to becoming a metric expert!

22. The Metric System Universal language of measurement
SI base units are used for consistency
Scientist all over the world use, thus making it easy to communicate.
Units can be made into derived or combined units- ex. g/ml or cm3

23. International System Unit Abbreviation What it Measures meter m Length
kilogram kg
Mass
second s
Time
Kelvin K
Temperature
ampere A
Electric current
mole
mol
Amount of a substance
candela cd
Luminous intensity

24. Metric System Prefixes identify large and small measurements.
easy to convert from each other.
based on a factor of 10

25. Metric Conversion
Multiply
Divide

26. Remember… To convert from a larger to smaller unit : multiply
To convert from a smaller to larger unit : divide
The Latin prefixes used in the metric system literally mean the number they represent.
Example: 1 kilogram = 1000 grams A kilo is 1000 of something just like a dozen is 12 of something.

27. Practice!

28. Reliability of Measurements
Accuracy- the extent to which a measurement approaches the true value. (bull’s eye)
Ex. Your results in an experiment for the density of water is 1 g/ml.

29. Reliability of Measurements
Precision – the degree of exactness of a measurement.
the consistency of results in an experiment
a measurement measured to the m is more precise than one measured to the 0.1 m

30. Spelling and accuracy and precision!
Accurate: Manasquan
Inaccurate: Manesqan
Precise: Manesqan

32. Measuring Precision
More Precise

33. Significant Digits (figures)
Measuring Precision
Significant Digits (figures)
Numbers that contain an actual measured value
Measures a number’s precision
Six Rules

34. Sig Fig Rules All non-zero digits are significant.
Ex has 4 sig figs
Ex has 5 sig figs
2. Any zeros between two significant digits are significant
Ex has 5 sig figs
Ex has 6 sig figs

35. Sig Fig Rules
3. All final zeros after the decimal point are significant.
Ex has 3 sig figs
Ex has 5 sig figs
4. Any zeros used solely for spacing the decimal point are NOT significant. The zeros are just place holders.
Ex has 1 sig figs
Ex has 3 sig figs
Ex. However has 4 sig figs

36. Sig Fig Rules
5. The product or quotient will be reported as having as many significant digits as the number with the least significant digits.
Ex x 42.1 =
=533
6. The sum or difference must have the same number of decimal places than the number with the least number of decimal places.
Ex = 30.63
= 30.6

39. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A way of expressing really big or small numbers.
N x 10A
N is the proper significant digit
A is the number of times you moved decimal
Positive = big, Negative = small
Only one digit before the decimal!