1. Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems
Section A
Airplanes

2. Major parts of an airplane
Fuselage
Wing
Landing Gear
Empennage
Powerplant

3. Fuselage Open or enclosed truss Stressed skin structure Materials used
Monocoque
Semi-monocoque

4. Wings
Monoplanes
Biplanes
Ailerons
Flaps

5. Empennage Vertical stabilizer Horizontal stabilizer Stabilator Rudder
Elevator
Stabilator

6. Trim devices
Trim tabs
Anti-servo tab

7. Landing gear Main wheels Third wheel Tailwheel Nosewheel
Conventional gear
Nosewheel
Tricycle gear

8. Landing gear Fixed gear Retractable gear Seaplanes Landing gear struts
Floats
Amphibians
Landing gear struts
Spring steel, bungee cord, oleo

9. Brakes Toe brakes on rudder pedals Parking brake
Equal or differential braking
Steering
Parking brake
Limit steering with brakes – use rudder pedals then brakes only if needed
Don’t ride brakes – overheat
Keep heels on floor

12. Powerplant
Engine
Propeller
Firewall
Cowling

13. Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM)
Pilots Information Manual (PIM)

14. Contents of POH, AFM, PIM General Limitations Emergency procedures
Where else can these be found?
Emergency procedures
Abnormal procedures
Normal procedures
Performance

15. Contents of POH, AFM, PIM Weight and balance
Airplane and systems description
Handling, service and maintenance
Supplements
Safety and operational tips

16. Chapter 2 – Airplane Systems
Section B
The Powerplant and Related Systems

17. Powerplant – Reciprocating
Radial
Horizontally
opposed

18. Powerplant – turbine
Turbojet
Turboprop

19. Reciprocating Engines
Pistons
Crankshaft
Connecting rods
Valves

20. Four-stroke operating cycle
Intake
Compression
Power
Exhaust

21. Similar for turbine

22. Induction systems Air + fuel sent for combustion
Intake port – filter and alternate
Controls
Throttle
Mixture
Propeller control

23. Carburetor

24. Leaning the mixture Higher altitudes – air less dense
Mixture control in full rich position creates excessively rich mixture
Reduce amount of fuel by leaning so fuel-to-air ratio remains constant
Remember to enrich mixture when descending

25. Carburetor ice

26. Indications of Carburetor Ice
Fixed pitch propeller – loss of R.P.M.
Constant speed propeller – loss of manifold pressure

27. Carburetor heat

28. Indications when Carb heat is used
Initially – drop in R.P.M. (hot air is less dense)
Followed by gradual increase in R.P.M. as ice melts
For constant speed prop – indications are reflected in manifold pressure

29. Fuel injection systems
Less susceptible to icing
More precise
Use less fuel
More horsepower
More expensive
Sensitive to contaminants
More complex starting procedures – esp. when engine is hot

30. Fuel injection system

31. Supercharging - Turbocharging
Increases power of engine
Sea level performance at higher altitudes
Supercharger – engine driven compressor
Turbocharger – compressor driven by exhaust
Usually fuel injected
More finicky

32. Turbocharger

33. Ignition
Two magnetos
Spark plugs
Wires
Ignition switch

34. Ignition Two magnetos Two spark plugs in each cylinder
Redundancy = safety
Better combustion of fuel/air mixture

35. Ignition switch
Off R L
Both
Start

36. Abnormal combustion
Detonation – explosion instead of smooth burning of fuel
Engine overheat
Improper grade of fuel
Preignition
Fuel/air mixture ignites before normal timed ignition
Residual hot spot
Engine roughness

37. Fuel system

38. Fuel system Tanks Fuel quantity gauges Fuel selector valve
Fuel strainer

39. Refuelling Ground wire Fuel grade – color coded
Refill after last flight of day – reduces condensation

40. Oil systems

41. Cooling systems

42. High engine temps Loss of power High oil consumption
Possible engine damage
Reduce temps
Enrich the mixture
Reduce rate of climb
Increase airspeed
Reduce power

43. Engine cooling Cooling least effective Cowl flaps
Takeoff
Go-around
Low airspeed/high power
Cowl flaps
Cylinder head temperature gauge

44. Exhaust system Vent burned gases overboard Heats cabin
Defrost windscreen

45. Propellers

46. Types of propellers Climb props Cruise props Fixed-pitch props
Constant-speed props
Propeller control – r.p.m.

47. Propellers
Hazards

48. Electrical systems Alternator Battery Ammeter Master switch
Circuit breakers