1. CS575 Spring 2012 Lecture 4* Bapa Rao CSU LA * Many Slides borrowed from Scott Klemmer’s Stanford Course Materials

2. Today’s agenda Watch Berners-Lee Lovelace Award Lecture Conclude needfinding Get started on design alternatives and prototyping

3. Self-Evaluation of needfinding exercise

4. Quality of Observations Self observation & notes How many others did you observe? What questions did you have in mind when you observed? If you had to do the exercise again, what questions would you have in mind when observing? Please post your self-evaluation on your wiki page under course page

5. Review of Week 2’s needfinding exercise post-earthquake scenario 5 families on a block people know their neighbors but not much about anyone else sporadic phone & internet communication (phone better than internet) needs – Injury – food – damage to home – missing relatives / pets Getting help to come to you – Procurement – Barter – Keeping track of balance – Money transfer different resources – engineering skills – community resources information – money – food external connectivity – family members outside disaster zone

6. Summary of Notes Adding tradeoffs / detail to requirements (when does mom need to know?) – Trade time for [what?] Change New info Have an evolvable plan – If X happens within time Y, we can do Z1, Z2, … Explore possible steps Develop more information and expand possibilities Refine choices: trade how much food? Prioritize – Meet immediate & pressing needs Detail plan – Cover self as well as others Execute? Evaluate / correct? Develop more resources – Think of unusual resources (e.g., train station)

8. Summary of needfinding notes, additional needs /resources: Material Human – Skills, knowledge Information Goals Balance Prioritize Inform, Update Facilities / functions Expand Filter Communicate: broadcast, narrowcast, pointcast Inventory Modes Synchronous (human-controlled, e.g.,) Asynchronous (automatic, e.g.,)

9. Breakdowns / Opportunities

11. Breakdowns /workarounds Not meeting urgent needs in a timely fashion – First aid kit Need for reassurance about safety – Family, pets, … – Increasing priority as time passes Motivating Uncooperative or slow players Planning for future needs (trading away too many resources) Information and data sharing Communication and action protocols – Pre-arranged / develop dynamically during crisis High priority messages and alerts

12. Today’s exercise Select 7-10 apps – “We need a way to do that will mitigate breakdown OR Facilitate workaround – Can start from wiki page entries – Critique Plausible Feasible Inspiration Challenges

13. Today’s exercise contd For each selected app – Write top-level use cases – Brainstorm UI design choices Storyboards – See A.D. Aziz’s Storyboard notes Paper prototypes Points of view – Guiding principle--alternatives

14. Breakdowns /workarounds Creative use of resources – Train station for non-standard resources Locate and approach nearest police station Unoccupied stores as resource – How to handle / negotiate extraction of resources

15. Use Case [Martin Fowler] Title: "goal the use case is trying to satisfy” Main Success Scenario: numbered list of steps Step: "a simple statement of the interaction between the actor and a system” Extensions: separately numbered lists, one per Extension Extension: "a condition that results in different interactions from.. the main success scenario". An extension from main step 3 is numbered 3a, etc.

19. Design Alternatives “The best way to have good ideas is to have lots of ideas.” –Linus Pauling

20. Design as simulated Annealing Annealing: In Metallurgy, gradual cooling: – 1000, 900, 975, 950, 970, 925, 960, … Simulated annealing: – Local optimum  suboptimum  nonlocal optimum

25. Prototyping Strategy for efficiently dealing with things that are hard to predict

26. Prototypes contd Formalism: When is it useful? – Not for its own sake Make multiple prototypes simultaneously to get most value Consider: what is the cost of making changes over time? “Good artists borrow, great artists steal”—Picasso Klemmer’s Stanford course lecture on Prototyping