2. 6 Feb Opener: Who came up with the idea of evolution? Agenda Review of Natural Selection Big Picture on Evolution Homework

3. Experience Intuition Authority Philosophy Science Science, in terms of the ways of knowing discussed by Kerlinger (1973), might be considered a special case of the combination of experience and reason. While inspiration or intuition often plays an important role in scientific discovery, it must be subjected to experience that can be publicly verified and reason before it is accepted. Ways of Knowing

4. Evolution Misconceptions http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/misconceps/IHowitworks.shtml http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/misconceptions/

5. 10 Feb Opener: What types of evidence do you think Darwin used to support his idea of natural selection? Agenda History of Evolutionary Thought Homework none

6. Natural selection There is heritable variation within populations More offspring are born than can survive The result is a competition for limited resources Some organisms survive & reproduce based on adaptation Charles Darwin

7. 11-13 Feb Opener: What types of evidence do you think Darwin used to support his idea of natural selection? Agenda Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection Prezi Homework

8. Evidence for Evolution Prezi: http://prezi.com/-22ga7qqd6hr/copy-of-ap-bio-evolution-3-evidence-of- evolution/ http://prezi.com/-22ga7qqd6hr/copy-of-ap-bio-evolution-3-evidence-of- evolution/

9. 16 Feb Opener: The diagram below shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human. According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to _________ Agenda Great Transformations video Homework none

10. 17 Feb Opener Agenda Finish Video Evidence for Evolution worksheets Homework

11. 18 Feb Opener: The diagram below shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human. According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to _________ Agenda Review Homework Formative quiz tomorrow

12. 19 Feb Agenda Unit 8 Formative Quiz Homework

13. Extra Slides

14. 4 Apr Opener Agenda Welcome Back! New Seats Review natural selection Artificial Selection Homework Read p. 287 and 8.2 (again) BRING BOOK TOMORROW

15. Examples of Natural Selection In a group of Zebras, some are fast, some are slow Lions catch the slowest zebras first Slow zebras are often killed before they can reproduce Therefore, the genes for slowness don’t get passed on, but the genes for fastness do Over time, the population of zebras becomes faster How else could a population of Zebras change to avoid being eaten? How do you think the population of lions changes?

16. 5 Apr Opener: Page 287 in our book talks a lot about “chance and selection” in regard to evolution. How does “chance and selection” summarize evolution? Agenda Chapter 8 participation assignment Co-evolution/mimicry Homework None

17. 6 Apr Agenda Mimicry Start “Evolutionary Arms Race”

18. 7 Apr Agenda Finish “Evolutionary Arms Race” Review for Quiz

19. Evolution is not disputed among mainstream scientists – how it occurs is.

20. Regents Biology Evidence for Evolution by Natural Selection

21. Regents Biology Evidence supporting evolution  Fossil record  shows change over time  Anatomical record  comparing body structures  homology & vestigial structures  embryology & development  Molecular record  comparing protein & DNA sequences  Artificial selection  Biogeography

22. Regents Biology 1. Fossil record  Layers of rock contain fossils  new layers cover older ones  creates a record over time  fossils show a series of organisms have lived on Earth  over a long period of time

23. Regents Biology Fossils tell a story… the Earth is old Life is old Life on Earth has changed

24. Regents Biology Fossil of Archaeopteryx  lived about 150 mya  links reptiles & birds Today’s organisms descended from ancestral species Evolution of birds

25. Regents Biology Land Mammal ? ? ? ? Where are the intermediate fossils? Ocean Mammal Someone’s idea of a joke! But the joke’s on them!! Complete series of transitional fossils We found the fossil — no joke!

26. Regents Biology Evolution from sea to land  2006 fossil discovery of early tetrapod  4 limbs  Missing link from sea to land animals

27. Regents Biology 2. Anatomical record Animals with different structures on the surface But when you look under the skin… It tells an evolutionary story of common ancestors

28. Regents Biology Compare the bones  The same bones under the skin  limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones How could these very different animals have the same bones?

29. Regents Biology Homologous structures  Structures that come from the same origin  homo- = same  -logous = information  Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats  same structure  on the inside  same development in embryo  different functions  on the outside  evidence of common ancestor

30. Regents Biology But don’t be fooled by these…  Analogous structures  look similar  on the outside  same function  different structure & development  on the inside  different origin  no evolutionary relationship Solving a similar problem with a similar solution

31. Regents Biology Analogous structures  Dolphins: aquatic mammal  Fish: aquatic vertebrate  both adapted to life in the sea  not closely related

32. Regents Biology Convergent evolution  3 groups with wings  Does this mean they have a recent common ancestor? Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving similar solutions to similar “problems” Flight evolved 3 separate times — evolving similar solutions to similar “problems” No!

33. Regents Biology Convergent Evolution Human Eye (blind spot) Octopus Eye (no blind spot)

34. Regents Biology Convergent evolution led to mimicry  Why do these pairs look so similar? Monarch male Viceroy male flybeemothbee Which is the fly vs. the bee? Which is the moth vs. the bee?

35. Regents Biology Vestigial organs- body part that no longer serves a function  Hind leg bones on whale fossils Why would whales have pelvis & leg bones if they were always sea creatures?

36. Regents Biology Comparative embryology  Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story  similar structures during development all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

37. Regents Biology 3. Molecular record 1002030405060708090100110120 LampreyFrogBird Dog MacaqueHuman 32845 67 125  Comparing DNA & protein structure  everyone uses the same genetic code!  DNA  compare common genes  compare common proteins  compare common genes  compare common proteins number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

38. Regents Biology Building “family” trees Closely related species are branches on the tree — coming from a common ancestor

39. Regents Biology  How do we know natural selection can change a population?  we can recreate a similar process  “evolution by human selection” 4. Artificial selection “descendants” of wild mustard

40. Regents Biology Selective Breeding Humans create the change over time “descendants” of the wolf

41. Regents Biology Artificial Selection …and the examples keep coming!

42. Regents Biology Artificial Selection gone bad!  Unexpected consequences of artificial selection Pesticide resistance Antibiotic resistance

43. Regents Biology Insecticide resistance  Spray the field, but…  insecticide didn’t kill all individuals  variation  resistant survivors reproduce  resistance is inherited  insecticide becomes less & less effective

44. Regents Biology  Organisms found in a particular area tend to be more closely related to each other than they are to organisms found in other areas. 5. Biogeography

45. Regents Biology