1. Chapter 3 Introduction to Engineering Design
Dr. Bahaa Al-Sheikh & Eng. Mohammed Al-Sumady
Intoduction to Engineering

2. Introduction to Engineering Design
Engineers, regardless of their backgrounds, follow certain steps when designing the products and services we use in our every day lives.

3. Outline Outline
In this chapter we will
Introduce you to the engineering design process
Discuss the basic steps that most engineers follow when designing a product
Discuss the importance of considering sustainability in design

4. Outline Outline out Introduce important design factors such as
Teamwork
Project scheduling
Material selection
Economic consideration
Engineering standards and codes
Present cases studies in civil, mechanical/ electrical engineering

5. objective The main objective of this chapter is:
To introduce the steps engineers follow to successfully design products or provide services that we use in our everyday lives

6. The Engineering Design Process
Design Process – Basic Steps:
Recognizing the need for a product or a service
Problem definition and understanding
Research and preparation
Conceptualization
Synthesis
Evaluation
Optimization
Presentation

7. Design Process – Basic Steps Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 1: Recognizing the need for a product or a service

8. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 2: Problem definition and understanding
This is the most important step in any design process
Before you move on to the next step
Make sure you understand the problem
Make sure that the problem is well defined
Good problem solvers are those who first fully understand what the problem is.

9. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 3: Research and preparation (Project Panning)
Collect useful information
Search to determine if a product already exists
Perhaps you could adopt or modify existing components
Review and organize the information collected in a suitable manner

10. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 4: Conceptualization ( Brainstorming)
Generate ideas or concepts that could offer reasonable solutions to your problem

11. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 5: Synthesis
At this point you begin to consider details
Perform calculations, run computer models, narrow down the type of materials to be used, size the components of the system, and answer questions about how the product is going to be fabricated
Consult pertinent codes and standards for compliance

12. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 6: Evaluation
Analyze the problem in more detail
Identify critical design parameters and consider their influence in your final design
Make sure that all calculations are performed correctly
Best solution must be identified from alternatives
Details of design must be worked out fully

13. Design Process – Basic Steps

14. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 7: Optimization – minimization or maximization
Optimization is based on some particular criterion such as cost, strength, size, weight, reliability, noise, or performance.
Optimizing individual components of an engineering system does not necessarily lead to an optimized system

15. Design Process – Basic Steps
An optimization procedure

16. Design Process – Basic Steps
Step 8: Presentation
You need to communicate your solution to the client, who may be your boss, another group within your company, or an outside customer
Engineers are required to give oral and written progress reports on a regular basis to various groups; consequently, presentation could well be an integral part of many other design steps

17. Other Engineering Design Considerations
Engineering economics
Material selection
Teamwork
Conflicts Resolution
Project scheduling and task chart
Evaluating alternatives
Patent, trademark, and copyright
Engineering standards and codes

18. Engineering Economics
Economic factors always play important roles in engineering design decision making
Products that are too expensive cannot be sold at a price that consumers can afford and still be profitable to the company
Products must be designed to provide services not only to make our lives better but also to make good profits for the manufacturer

19. Material Selection
Selection of materials is an important design decision
Examples of properties to consider when selecting materials
Density
Ultimate strength
Flexibility
Machinability
Durability
Thermal expansion
Electrical & thermal conductivity
Resistance to corrosion

20. Material Properties Material properties depend on many factors
How the material was processed
Its age
Its exact chemical composition
Any nonhomogenity or defect within the material
Material properties change with temperature and time as the material ages
In practice, you use property values provided by the manufacturer for design; textbook values are typical values

21. List of Some Material Properties
Electrical resistivity : a measure of resistance of material to flow of electricity.
Density : : how compact the material is for a given volume.
Modulus of Elasticity : how easily material will stretch or shorten.
Modulus of Rigidity : a measure of how easily a material can be twisted or sheared.
Modulus of resilience : a mechanical property of a material that shows how effective the material is in absorbing mechanical energy without going through any permanent damage.
Modulus of toughness : a mechanical property of a material that indicates the ability of the material to handle overloading before it fractures.
Thermal expansion : the change in the length of a material that would occur if the temperature of the material is changed.
Thermal conductivity : how good the material is in transferring thermal energy .
Heat capacity : represents the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram mass of a material by one degree Celsius. Materials with large heat capacity values are good at storing thermal energy

22. Material Properties (fluid properties)
Viscosity : a measure of how easily the given fluid can flow. The higher the viscosity value is, the more resistance the fluid offers to flow.
Vapor pressure : fluids with low vapor-pressure values will not evaporate as quickly as those with high values of vapor pressure.
Bulk modulus of compressibility : represents how compressible the fluid is. How easily can one reduce the volume of the fluid when the fluid pressure is increased.

23. Teamwork
Design team
a group of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, and talent who are working together to solve a problem or achieve a common goal
Employers are looking for individuals who not only have a good grasp of engineering fundamentals but who can also work well with others in a team environment

24. Common Traits of Good Teams
Successful teams have the following components:
The project that is assigned to a team must have clear and realistic goals. These goals must be understood and accepted by all members of the team.
The team should be made up of individuals with complementary expertise, problem solving skills, background, and talent.
The team must have a good leader.

25. Common Traits of Good Teams
The team leadership and the environment in which discussions take place should promote openness, respect, and honesty.
The team goals and needs should come before individual goals and needs.

26. Secondary Roles of Good Team Members
The Organizer – experienced and confident; trusted by members of the team and serves as a coordinator for the entire project
The Creator – good at coming up with new ideas, sharing them with other team members, and letting the team develop the ideas further
The Gatherer – enthusiastic (متحمس )and good at obtaining things, looking for possibilities, and developing contacts

27. Secondary Roles of Good Team Members
The Motivator – energetic, confident, and outgoing; good at finding ways around obstacles (عقبات).
The Evaluator – intelligent and capable of understanding the complete scope of the project; good at judging outcomes correctly
The Team Worker – tries to get everyone to come together, does not like friction or problems among team members

28. Secondary Roles of Good Team Members
The Solver – reliable and decisive and can turn concepts into practical solution
The Finisher – can be counted on to finish his or her assigned task on time; detail oriented and may worry about the team’s progress toward finishing the assignment

29. Conflicts
When a group of people work together, conflicts sometimes arise. Conflicts could be the result of
Miscommunication
Personality differences
The way events and actions are interpreted by a member of a team

30. Conflict Resolution
Managing conflicts is an important part of a team dynamic
In managing conflicts, it is important to recognize there are three types of people:
Accommodating
Compromising
Collaborative

31. Conflict Resolution – Type of People
Accommodating team members - avoid conflicts
Allow assertive individuals to dominate
Making progress as a whole difficult
Could lead to poor team decision

32. Conflict Resolution – Type of People
Compromising team members
Demonstrate moderate level of assertiveness and cooperation. By compromising, the team may have sacrificed the best solution for the sake of group unity

33. Conflict Resolution Collaborative Conflict Resolution Approach
High level of assertiveness and cooperation by the team
No finger pointing
Team proposes solutions
Means of evaluation
Combine solutions to reach an ideal solution

34. Project Scheduling and Task Chart
A process that engineering managers use to ensure that a project is completed on time and within the allocated budget

35. Evaluating Alternatives
When a design is narrowed down to a few workable concepts, evaluation of these concepts is needed before detail design is pursued
Each design would have its own evaluation criteria

36. An Example of evaluation worksheet

37. Sustainability in Design
Sustainability and sustainable engineering can be defined as
“design and development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

38. Sustainability in Design
Engineers contribute to both private and public sectors of our society
In private sector, they design and produce the goods and services that we use in our daily lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of living
In public sector, they support local, state, and federal mission such as meeting our infrastructure needs, energy and food security, and national defense

39. Sustainability in Design
Engineers contribute to both private and public sectors of our society
In private sector, they design and produce the goods and services that we use in our daily lives to allow us to enjoy a high standard of living
In public sector, they support local, state, and federal mission such as meeting our infrastructure needs, energy and food security, and national defense

40. Sustainability in Design
Increasingly, because of worldwide socioeconomic trends, environmental concerns, and earth’s finite resources, more is expected of engineers
Future engineers are expected to design and provide goods and services that increase the standard of living and advance health care, while addressing serious environmental and sustainability concerns
In designing products and services, engineers must consider the link among earth’s finite resources, environmental, social, ethical, technical, and economical factors

41. Summary
You should know the basic design steps that all engineers follow, regardless of their background, to design products and services
You should realize that economics plays an important role in engineering decision making
You should realize that the selection of material is an important design decision
You should be familiar with the common traits of good teams

42. Questions?