1. Chapter 11
Motion

2. 11.1 Distance & Dispalcement
Motion

3. Describing Motion
Two parts of describing motion
1. Speed
2. Direction

4. Relative Motion Frame of Reference
Definition - A system of objects that are not moving with respect to one another
Relative Motion
Definition – Movement in relation to a frame of reference
For example, does a person sitting on a moving train have motion? It all depends on the frame of reference
To describe motion accurately and completely, a frame of reference is necssary.
Are you moving right now? - It depends on your frame or reference. You are sitting in a school on Earth, Earth is rotating around the Sun, our solar system is rotating around the Milky Way Galaxy and our Galaxy is literally flying through space, moving in an ever-expanding universe. So, whether or not you are moving is a question that must be considered using a frame of reference.

5. Tennis Ball Movement & Frame of Reference
Demonstration

6. Distance The length of a path between two points
In other words, distance is the length of a path connecting an objects starting point and its ending point
SI unit for distance is the meter

7. Displacement
Definition – The direction from the starting point and the length of a straight line from the starting point to the ending point
Example – What would your displacement be if you rode a rollercoaster?

8. Baseball Example
If you hit a home run in baseball, you would run from home plate, to each of the bases (1 through 3) and then back to home plate. If there is a distance of 30 meters between each of the bases, what is the total distance you run? What is your displacement?

10. Vector
Definition – A quantity that has both magnitude (size, length or amount) and direction
Represented using arrows
Displacement is an example of a vector

11. Displacement along a straight line
When two displacements have the same direction, you can add their magnitudes
4 km E + 2 km E = 6 km E
2 km
4 km 1 2 3 4 5 6
Point out the parts of a vector in displacement values (i.e. 4km = magnitude, E = direction)

12. Displacement along a straight line
When two displacements have opposite directions, you can subtract their magnitudes
4 km E + 2 km W = 2 km E
2 km
4 km 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. Displacement that is not along a straight line
When two or more vectors have different directions, they may be combined using graphing.
How can you find displacement? Think MATH and TRIANGLES!

14. Work out problem on board

15. How can we find the resultant vector?

16. Resultant Vector The vector sum of two or more vectors
Can be used to show total displacement
Points directly from starting point to ending point

17. Distance v. Time Graph

18. 11.2 Speed & Velocity
Motion

19. How do we typically measure the speed of a car?

20. Speed
The ratio of the distance an object moves to the amount of time the object moves.
SI UNIT
Meters per second, or m/s

21. Two types of speed Computed for the entire duration of the trip
Speed may change from moment to moment, but this tells you the average speed over an entire trip
Measured at a particular moment in time
Example: The speedometer in a car provides instantaneous speed
Average Speed
Instantaneous Speed

22. Average Speed d v= t Average speed = Or v = average speed
Total Distance
Average speed = Or
v = average speed
d = total distance traveled
t = total time
Total Time d v= t

23. Average Speed Example 1
While traveling on vacation, you measure the times and distances you travel. You travel 35 kilometers in 0.4 hours, followed by 53 kilometers in 0.6 hours. What is your average speed?
d = 35 km + 53 km = 88 km
t = 0.4 h h = 1.0 h

25. Average Speed Example 2
A person jogs 4.0 km in 32 minutes, then 2.0 km in 22 minutes, and finally, 1.0 km in 16 minutes. What is the jogger’s average speed in kilometers per minute? In km/ hour?

27. Graphing Motion Use can use a distance-time graph to describe motion
Reminder – SLOPE
the change in the vertical axis value divided by the change in the horizontal axis value
On a distance-time graph, slope is the change in the distance divided by the change in time (or speed)

31. Velocity A description of both speed and direction of motion
Velocity, like displacement, is a vector because it has both magnitude and direction

32. Combining Velocities Two or more velocities add by vector addition
When two velocities have the same direction, you can add their magnitudes

33. Train Example
A man on the ground observes a train passing by. Through the train windows he sees a man running in the same direction as the train is moving. What is the apparent velocity of the man running on the train if the train is moving at 30 km/h and the man is running at 5 km/h?

34. 5 km/h
35 km/h

35. Plane Example
A plane is moving south at 100 km/hour. Wind is blowing from the east at 25 km/ hour. What is the resultant velocity of the plane? (HINT – draw a picture to help visualize the problem)

37. Warm-up Activity (Vector Addition)

39. 11.3 Acceleration
Motion

40. What is acceleration? The rate at which velocity changes Changes in:
Speed
Direction
Or both speed & direction
Acceleration is a vector (it has both magnitude and direction)\
SI Unit – meters per second per second (m/s2)

41. Deceleration An acceleration that slows an objects speed
Negative acceleration
Example
As your car approaches a red light you step on the break pedal to slow the car down. This causes the velocity of the car to change (it decreases) and thus the car decelerates.

42. Free Fall
The movement of an object toward Earth solely because of gravity
Objects falling near Earth’s surface accelerate downward at a rate of 9.8 m/s2

43. Free Fall (Continued)
t = 0s
v = 0 m/s
Each second an object is in free fall, its velocity increases downward by 9.8 m/s
t = 1s
v = 9.8 m/s
t = 2s
v = 19.6 m/s
t = 3s
v = 29.4 m/s

44. Changes in Direction
You can accelerate even if your speed is constant because acceleration also includes changes in direction
Example
If you ride a bike around a curve and maintain the same speed, acceleration changes because your direction changes

45. Roller Coasters… Green Lantern Front Seat (Six Flags)
Describe the acceleration of the roller coaster as it reaches and just overcomes the first hill.

46. Constant Acceleration
A steady change in velocity
The velocity of an object moving in a straight line changes at a constant rate

47. Calculating Acceleration
For straight-line motion:
Change in Velocity
Acceleration =
Total Time
A = t
vf - vi
vf = Final Velocity
vi = Initial Velocity

48. Acceleration Example #1
t = 0s
v = 0 m/s
What is the magnitude of the skydiver’s acceleration after 1 second? Between 2 and 3 seconds?
t = 1s
v = 9.8 m/s
t = 2s
v = 19.6 m/s
t = 3s
v = 29.4 m/s

49. Acceleration Example #2
A ball rolls down a ramp, starting from rest. After two seconds, its velocity is 6 m/s. What is the acceleration of the ball?
A = t
vf - vi

50. vf = ?
vi = ?
t = ?
A = t
vf - vi

52. Group Practice Activity
Complete the problem assigned to your group. You will be presenting your answer to the class.

53. A car traveling at 10 m/s starts to decelerate steadily
A car traveling at 10 m/s starts to decelerate steadily. It comes to a complete stop in 20 seconds. What is its acceleration?

54. An airplane travels down a runway for 4
An airplane travels down a runway for 4.0 seconds with an acceleration of 9.0 m/s2. What is its change in velocity during this time.

55. A child drops a ball from a bridge
A child drops a ball from a bridge. The ball strikes the water under the bridge 2.0 seconds later. What is the velocity of the ball when it strikes the water? (Hint: Think “FREE FALL”)

56. A boy throws a rock straight up into the air
A boy throws a rock straight up into the air. It reaches the highest point of its flight after 2.5 seconds. How fast was the rock going when it left the boy’s hand? (Hint: Think “FREE FALL”)

57. Increasing Acceleration Constant Acceleration Decreasing Acceleration
Speed-Time Graphs
The slope of a speed-time graph is acceleration
What is the formula for slope of a line?
Speed
Speed
Speed
Time
Time
Time
Increasing Acceleration
Constant Acceleration
Decreasing Acceleration

59. Instantaneous Acceleration
How fast a velocity is changing at a specific instant

61. 11.3 Warm-up
Speed-time graph

62. In the warm-up/ journal section of your binder sketch a speed-time graph of a car starting from rest, accelerating up to a speed limit of 35 mph, maintaining that speed for 10 seconds, then slowing again to a stop at a red light.