1. ©2002 Prentice Hall Psychological Disorders

2. ©2002 Prentice Hall Psychological Disorders Defining and Diagnosing Disorder Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Personality Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Drug Abuse and Addiction Schizophrenia

3. ©2002 Prentice Hall Defining and Diagnosing Disorder Dilemmas of Definition Diagnosis: Art or Science?

4. ©2002 Prentice Hall Dilemmas of Definition Possible Models for Defining Disorders: Mental disorder as a violation of cultural standards. Mental disorder as maladaptive or harmful behavior. Mental disorder as emotional distress. Mental Disorder: Any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the person’s relationships or the larger community.

5. ©2002 Prentice Hall Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Axis I: Clinical Syndromes Axis II: Personality Disorders Axis III: General Medical Conditions Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Conditions Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale

6. ©2002 Prentice Hall Concerns About Diagnostic System The danger of overdiagnosis. The power of diagnostic labels. Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems. The illusion of objectivity

7. ©2002 Prentice Hall Projective Tests Projective Tests: Psychological tests used to infer a person’s motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretations of ambiguous stimuli. Rorschach Inkblot Test: A projective personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots. A sample inkblot

8. ©2002 Prentice Hall Objective Tests Inventories: Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): A widely used objective personality test.

9. ©2002 Prentice Hall Anxiety Disorders Anxiety and Panic Fears and Phobias Obsessions and Compulsions

10. ©2002 Prentice Hall Anxiety and Panic Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. Panic Disorder: An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid breathing and dizziness.

11. ©2002 Prentice Hall Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life- threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the the trauma, and increased physiological arousal.

12. ©2002 Prentice Hall Fears and Phobias Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object.

13. ©2002 Prentice Hall Obsessions and Compulsions Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.

14. ©2002 Prentice Hall Mood Disorders Depression and Bipolar Disorder Theories of Depression

15. ©2002 Prentice Hall Depression Major Depression: A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).

16. ©2002 Prentice Hall Symptoms of Depression Depressed mood Reduced interest in almost all activities Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep) Change in motor activity (too much or too little) Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Reduced ability to think or concentrate Recurrent thoughts of death DSM IV Requires 5 of these within the past 2 weeks

17. ©2002 Prentice Hall Gender, Age, & Depression Women are about twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with depression. True around the world After age 65, rates of depression drop sharply in both sexes.

18. ©2002 Prentice Hall Theories of Depression Biological explanations emphasize genetics and brain chemistry. Social explanations emphasize the stressful circumstances of people’s lives. Attachment explanations emphasize problems with close relationships. Cognitive explanations emphasize particular habits of thinking and ways of interpreting events. “Vulnerability-Stress” explanations draw on all four explanations described above.

19. ©2002 Prentice Hall Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder: A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur.

20. ©2002 Prentice Hall The Bipolar Brain Bipolar disorder can have rapid mood swings These wild changes are shown in brain activity (right)

21. ©2002 Prentice Hall Personality Disorders Problem Personalities Antisocial Personality Disorder

22. ©2002 Prentice Hall Problem Personalities Personality Disorder: Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self- importance and self-absorption. Paranoid Personality Disorder: A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy.

23. ©2002 Prentice Hall Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD): A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and empathy. Sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy

24. ©2002 Prentice Hall Emotions and Antisocial Personality Disorder People with APD were slow to develop classically conditioned responses to anger, pain, or shock. Such responses indicate normal anxiety.

25. ©2002 Prentice Hall Dissociative Identity Disorder a.k.a., “Multiple Personality”

26. ©2002 Prentice Hall Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders: Conditions in which consciousness or identity is split or altered. Dissociative Identity Disorder: A controversial disorder marked by the appearance within on person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; commonly known as “Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).”

27. ©2002 Prentice Hall Flaws in MPD Diagnosis Flaws in Underlying Research Pressure and Suggestions by Clinicians Influence of the Media

28. ©2002 Prentice Hall Drug Abuse and Addiction Biology and Addiction Learning, Culture, and Addiction Debating the Causes of Addiction

29. ©2002 Prentice Hall Learning, Culture, and Addiction Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices and the social environment. Policies of total abstinence tend to increase addiction rates rather than reduce them. Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug. Addiction does not depend on the properties of the drug alone, but also on the reason for taking it.

30. ©2002 Prentice Hall Drugs and Vietnam Veterans US Soldiers who tested “drug positive” in Vietnam showed a dramatic drop in drug use when they returned to civilian life. This contradicts what the biomedical model of addiction would predict.

31. ©2002 Prentice Hall Debating the Causes of Addiction Problems with drugs are more likely when: A person has a physiological vulnerability to a drug. A person believes she or he has no control over the drug. Laws or customs encourage people to take the drug in binges, and moderate use is neither tolerated nor taught. A person comes to rely on a drug as a method of coping with problems, suppressing anger or fear, or relieving pain. Members of a person’s peer group use drugs or drink heavily, forcing the person to choose between using drugs or losing friends.

32. ©2002 Prentice Hall Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Theories of Schizophrenia

33. ©2002 Prentice Hall Symptoms of Schizophrenia Bizarre Delusions Hallucinations and Heightened Sensory Awareness Disorganized, Incoherent Speech Grossly Disorganized and Inappropriate Behavior

34. ©2002 Prentice Hall Delusions and Hallucinations Delusions: False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Hallucinations: Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation.

35. ©2002 Prentice Hall Positive and Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms – Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral excesses Examples of Positive Symptoms Hallucinations Bizarre Delusions Incoherent Speech Inappropriate/Disorganized Behaviors

36. ©2002 Prentice Hall Positive and Negative Symptoms Negative Symptoms – Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits Examples of Negative Symptoms Loss of Motivation Emotional Flatness Social Withdrawal Slowed speech or no speech

37. ©2002 Prentice Hall Theories of Schizophrenia Genetic Predispositions Structural Brain Abnormalities Neurotransmitter Abnormalities Prenatal Abnormalities

38. ©2002 Prentice Hall Genetic Vulnerability to Schizophrenia The risk of developing schizophrenia (i.e., prevalence) in one’s lifetime increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases