1. GEST workshop Eduardo Barbosa & David Ward (Africa) Manyeleti Game Reserve 11-15 July 2008

2. Dry savanna, Kruger Park

3. “Dry” savanna (Kruger Park) Rainfall - 550 - 600 mm per year The landscape has a temperate climate with the occurrence of sporadic frost confined to the bottomlands Soils - The upland soils are sandy (6-15 % clay). In bottomlands, conditions of temporary water saturation prevail.

4. Kruger Park is not really “dry” Pniel (near Barkly West, Northern Cape) – 350 mm rain Pro-Namib, Namibia 150 mm rain

5. There are many landscapes defined in the Kruger Park- Gertenbach defined 35 landscapes Geologically the KNP can roughly be divided into granite and gneiss in the western half and basalt in the eastern half

6. Two sub-associations in granite soils of Kruger Park Depending on the clay content of the soil and the degree of heavy grazing the following two sub-associations in the bottomlands of this landscape can be differentiated viz. 1.Aristida barbicollis / Acacia nigrescens / Combretum apiculatum-sub-association 2.Acacia gerrardii / Acacia nigrescens / Combretum apiculatum-sub-association

7. Dominant woody species for both these sub-associations Combretum apiculatum, C. hereroense, C. imberbe Acacia nigrescens, A. gerrardii, A. tortilis Dichrostachys cinerea, Grewia bicolor, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Lannea stuhlmannii, Ziziphus mucronata, Pterocarpus rotundifolius, Cissus cornifolia, Commiphora africana, Ormocarpum trichocarpum, Ehretia rigida, Albizia harveyi and Bolusanthus speciosus.

8. The difference between the two sub-associations is mainly determined by the composition of the field layer 1.Aristida barbicollis-sub-association: Aristida congesta, Pogonarthria squarrosa and Andropogon gayanus are more dominant. 2.Acacia gerrardii-sub-association: Themeda triandra, Urochloa brachyura and Panicum coloratum are more dominant. Grasses normally present in both these sub-associations are Digitaria eriantha, Panicum maximum, Aristida congesta, Schmidtia pappophoroides, Urochloa mosambicensis, Heteropogon contortus and Enneapogon cenchroides, but more specifically Cymbopogon plurinodis, Eragrostis superba, Bothriocloa radicans and Eragrostis rigidior

9. Humid savanna Dry savanna

10. Humid Savanna The Siyaya Coastal Park - about 42 km of unspoilt coastline - stretches from the mouth of the Umlalazi river to the southern boundary of the Amatikulu Nature Reserve. It includes two nature reserves as well as pristine coastal dune forest, mangrove forests, swamp forest, grassland and lala palm bushveld. – Umlalazi Nature Reserve (1 028 ha) – Amatikulu Nature Reserve (1 700 ha)

11. Amatikulu Nature Reserve (humid savanna) The climate is sub-tropical with an average annual rainfall of over 1 000mm, with most rain falling in the summer months. Summers are hot (17° - 40°C) and can be rather humid. Winters are cool with the temperature seldom falling below 17°C.

12. Amatigulu Nature Reserve The reserve includes the estuarine area and the joint mouth of the Inyoni and Amatikulu Rivers. It contains vegetation zones from the beach, dunes, coastal dune forest, the vegetation along the river banks, swamp forest, Acacia woodland and grasslands. Lala palm ( Hyphaene coriacea) is very common within the grasslands The grasslands are being encroached by Acacia karroo There is a thriving population of giraffe as well as zebra, waterbuck and smaller antelope in the reserve.

13. The vegetation is the Coastal Bushveld-Grassland vegetation type (Granger et al. 1998). The grass component comprises species such as Aristida junciformis, a number of Eragrostis spp., Sporobolus spp., Hyparrhenia spp., Digitaria spp. and some Themeda triandra. A short scrub layer is present within the grassland patches, comprising species such as Diospyros galpinii, Pachystigma venosum and Eugenia spp. The woody component consists of (in wetter areas) species such as Millettia grandis, Vepris undulata, Protorhus longifolia, Trichilia emetica, Brachylaena spp. and Mimusops obovata. In the drier areas, the vegetation is comprised largely Acacia species such as A. karroo, A. nilotica and A. robusta. Humid Savanna

14. The important environmental drivers for humid savannas Climate - + 1000 mm of rain, mostly in summer Soils – highly leached Fire – frequent; approx. biennial Herbivory – giraffe, zebra, waterbuck, small antelope Human activities – nature reserve surrounded by communal farming, with commercial sugar plantations to the south

15. Seedling experiment Dry savanna site

16. Planting out seedlings near Kruger Park

17. Grass species chosen from local environments Dry savanna – Cenchrus ciliaris Wet savanna – Eragrostis curvula

18. Tree species Dry savanna Acacia nigrescens Colophospermum mopane Combretum apiculatum Combretum zeyheri Humid savanna Dichrostachys cinerea Acacia sieberiana Terminalia sericea Combretum molle Acacia karroo? Eutrophic Dystrophic

19. An alternative site for humid savanna ? Potshini (near Emmaus, between Winterton and Bergville)

20. Positive features Appropriate rainfall (900+ mm per annum) Acacia sieberiana naturally encroaches here Communal ranching

21. Currently studied by a PhD student of mine, Seraphine Grellier, with a focus on ecohydrology and bush encroachment

22. Cattle (mostly), sheep & goat grazing/browsing only

23. Heavy gully erosion

24. Heavily eroded by cattle trampling

25. Erosion process started by “piping” (= erosion of soft soil under hard layer)

26. Negative Features Pretty cold in the winter - frost occurs here quite frequently. Mean minimum temperature in July = 3 o C (max. temperature in July = 21 o C)