1. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Origins of the Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution has its origins in the Renaissance, Humanism, and the Protestant Reformation.
The movement sought to understand the world on its own terms rather than the teachings of the Church.

2. Scientific Revolution: Origins
The Invention of the Printing Press helped to spread scientific ideas

3. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
The First Debate
The Scientific Revolution began with a debate over the nature of the solar system.
Geocentric- The Church taught that everything revolves around the earth.
Scientists began to challenge this view.

4. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Geocentric (earth centered) or Ptolemaic Model

5. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Nicolaus Copernicus
In the early 1500’s, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus came up with his heliocentric theory.
Heliocentric Theory- the sun is at the center of the solar system.
Fearing punishment from the church, he did not publish On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres until the year he died.

6. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Heliocentric (sun centered) or Copernican Model

7. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres 1543

8. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Johannes Kepler
Kepler further proved Copernicus correct by concluding that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.
This gave the Copernican/ Heliocentric model the mathematical proof it needed.
The Church still denied it.

9. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Kepler’s Elliptical Model

10. Scientific Revolution: Origins
Elliptical Orbit of the Planets

11. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Galileo Galilei
In 1609, the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei invented his own telescope and began looking at the sky.
In 1610, he published Starry Messenger which outlined the conclusions he made from his observations.

12. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
Conclusions of Galileo
Jupiter had four moons of its own
The Sun had dark spots
The Moon had a rough surface

13. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
In 1632, Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Worldly Systems in which he compared Geocentric and Heliocentric Theory. He favored Heliocentric.

14. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
In 1633, the Church put Galileo on trial and ordered him to recant. He did and was placed under house arrest until he died.

15. The Scientific Revolution: Origins
P-Source: Trial of Galileo

16. The Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Method
Francis Bacon
The Astronomy debate helped to inspire Francis Bacon and his scientific method.
Bacon believed the you must observe and experiment before one could draw a conclusion not the other way around.

17. The Scientific Revolution: The Scientific Method

18. The Scientific Revolution: Isaac Newton
In the late 1600’s, English physicist Isaac Newton shattered the world of science forever.
He came up with two key concepts: the Law of Motion and the Law of Gravity.

19. The Scientific Revolution: Newton
Gravity- Anything with mass is attracted to other mass. Explains planetary motion.

20. The Scientific Revolution: Newton
The Law of Motion-
An object in motion will stay in motion until acted upon by another force.
For every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction.

21. The Scientific Revolution: Newton
1687- The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

22. The Scientific Revolution: Medicine
Medicine- Andreas Vesalius and Human Anatomy

23. The Scientific Revolution: Medicine
In the 1670’s, Dutch Scientist Anton van Leeuwenhoek examined bacteria and red blood cells using a microscope.

24. Scientific Revolution: Medicine
Edward Jenner and the world’s first vaccine (smallpox) late 1700’s.

26. The Enlightenment: Origins
The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement which began in the 1600’s.
Also known as the Age of Reason.
It is similar to the Scientific Revolution. However, instead of re-examining the physical world, it sought to reexamine the social world (i.e. humans and their institutions).

27. The Enlightenment: Origins
Enlightenment View
Descartes- “I think therefore I am”
Kant- Question Everything

28. The Enlightenment: Origins
Causes of the Enlightenment
Crusades- Greco-Roman Philosophy on Government and Society
The Renaissance and New Learning
Humanism
The Protestant Reformation and the challenge to the Church’s authority

29. The Enlightenment: Origins
Enlightenment philosophers believed that you can understand government and society in the same way you can understand the natural world—through observation, logic, and experimentation.

30. The Enlightenment: Origins
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes is regarded as the first Enlightenment Philosopher.
He lived through the English Civil War and developed a unique view on government.
He believed people were naturally wicked and selfish.

31. The Enlightenment: Origins
Hobbes’ Social Contract- In order to escape the evils of man, people gave their freedom over to strong government in exchange for law and order.
P-Source: Hobbes’ The Leviathan

32. The Enlightenment: Origins
John Locke
English philosopher John Locke wrote a generation after Hobbes.
He came up with a different view on the nature and of humans and the social contract.
He believed all humans are born with natural rights—life, liberty, and property.

33. The Enlightenment: Origins
Locke’s Social Contract- People create governments and give up some freedoms in exchange for the protection of their natural rights.
P-Source: Second Treatise on Government

34. The Enlightenment: French Philosophes
France
France became the center of the Enlightenment.
Most great Enlightenment philosophers came from France.
The word for an Enlightenment philosopher is Philosophe (French for philosopher).

35. The Enlightenment: French Philosophes
Voltaire
Philosopher, Playwright, and Political Scientists.
Voltaire wrote over 70 works.
He pushed for equality, tolerance, reason, and freedom of speech and religion.
He often used satire.

36. The Enlightenment: French Philosophes
Example of Satire
Voltaire P-Source

37. The Enlightenment: The French Philosophes
Charles de Secondat-The Baron de Montesquieu
Although French, Montesquieu admired the British political system.
He believed it illustrated a “Separation of Powers.”
He believed that the different branches of government should be separated.

38. The Enlightenment: The French Philosophes
Montesquieu -Separation of Powers in the U.S.
Made Possible by a System of Check and Balances

39. The Enlightenment: The French Philosophes
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau believed that people are born naturally free, and governments take away that freedom.
The Social Contract- Roseau believed that part of the agreement was to limit the control that government has.
He believed in a direct democracy.

40. The Enlightenment: The French Philosophes
Rousseau- “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

41. The Enlightenment: Other Philosophes
Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
Argued that punishing criminals was done to preserve social order not the avenge crimes
He argued against “Cruel and Unusual” punishment and even the death penalty

42. The Enlightenment: Other Philosophes
Mary Wollestonecraft
One of the few female Philosophes.
She published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.
She argued that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be allowed to participate in public affairs.

43. The Enlightenment: Other Philosophes
P-Source: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

44. The Enlightenment: Salons
Many wealthy women also helped to spread ideas by hosting Salons. These were social gatherings were Philosophes would come to debate social issues.

45. The Enlightenment: Deism
Many Philosophes rejected Christianity.
Instead they pushed for a religious philosophy known as Deism.
Deists believe that God created the Universe and stepped back. God does not interfere with the world.
This allows for God but also scientific reasoning.

46. The Enlightenment: Deism
“God the Watchmaker”
Reading- Deism
P-Source: Benjamin Franklin letter

47. The Enlightenment: Enlightened Despots
These were monarchs who embraced some Enlightenment ideas.
Fredrick II of Prussia, Joseph II of Austria, and Catherine II of Russia.
Although they liked some of their ideas, they sill held absolute power.

48. The Enlightenment: Enlightened Despots
Catherine II “Catherine the Great” corresponded with Voltaire

49. The Enlightenment: The Birth of the United States of America
The Founding Fathers of the United States were all educated in Enlightenment Philosophy. So much so, that the U.S. and its Constitution are seen as an Enlightenment experiment.

50. The Enlightenment: The Birth of the United States of America
P-Source: Declaration of Independence and John Locke

51. Adam Smith
Adam Smith was part of the “Scottish enlightenment” and focused on economics. He wrote the book The Wealth of Nations (1776).
Wealth of Nation is not the amount of gold or silver but instead the labor of famers, artisans and craftsmen.
States should leave economic matters alone (Laissez-Faire)