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3. Intro 1

4. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

5. Section 1-5 The Nile River, flowing through northeastern Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, keeps Egypt from being entirely desert. For centuries, the Nile flooded its banks every summer, covering nearby fields with fertile soil. Dams, especially the Aswan High Dam, now control Nile flooding, drastically reducing sediment deposits and fertility.

6. Section 1-6 Seas and Peninsulas North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia feature numerous seas and peninsulas.  (pages 421–422) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. These include the Mediterranean, Red, and Black Seas as well as the Arabian and Sinai Peninsulas.  The Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea, and the Aral Sea are actually landlocked bodies of salt water.

7. Section 1-7 Seas and Peninsulas (cont.) The Aral Sea, which began to dry up when the Soviet Union diverted river source waters for irrigation, seems to be coming back. (pages 421–422)

8. Section 1-8 What might people have done to revive the Aral Sea? Possible answers: They may have diverted water into it, or they might have restricted the use of its water for irrigation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Seas and Peninsulas (cont.) (pages 421–422)

9. Section 1-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Rivers Major Rivers: Cradles of Civilization  (pages 422–424) -The Nile River Valley provides water and a lush, fertile living space for about 90 percent of Egypt’s population.  -The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers help irrigate farms throughout Syria, Turkey, and Iraq.  Streambeds Runoff from infrequent, violent rainstorms creates temporary streams in arid North Africa and Southwest Asia.

10. Section 1-10 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Rivers (cont.) (pages 422–424)

11. Section 1-11 Why are streams from rainstorms only temporary? Possible answers: Water from the storms stays on the surface and soon evaporates in the sun. Storms are too infrequent to create permanent streams. The sun dries up the water faster than it falls. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Rivers (cont.) (pages 422–424)

12. Section 1-12 Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains Coastal Plains Although most of the region is made up of deserts and mountains, the coastal plains along the Mediterranean provide the agricultural base of the region. (pages 424–425)

13. Section 1-13 Highlands  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 424–425) Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains (cont.) -Enough precipitation falls on the Atlas Mountains of North Africa to make them hospitable to settlement and farming.  -The Asir Mountains of the Arabian Peninsula are also agriculturally productive.  -The Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea are known for their grandeur and beauty.  -Desert covers much of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

14. Section 1-14 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. (pages 424–425) Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains (cont.)

15. Section 1-15 Which of the above areas do you think are most heavily populated? Why do you think so? The coastal plains of the Mediterranean and the mountain areas that support farming are probably heavily populated. Much of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are likely to be sparsely populated. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (pages 424–425) Plains, Plateaus, and Mountains (cont.)

16. Section 1-16 Earthquakes The shifting tectonic plates of the region have built mountains, shifted landmasses, and caused earthquakes. A 1999 earthquake in Turkey measured 7.4 on the Richter scale, toppling more than 76,000 buildings and killing nearly 20,000 people. (page 425)

17. Section 1-17 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. (page 425) Earthquakes (cont.)

18. Section 1-18 What might be done to reduce the damage from earthquakes in heavily populated areas? Possible answers: Adopt stricter building codes, and retrofit existing structures to make them more earthquake-resistant. We could also develop new technologies for building in earthquake-prone areas, and continue research efforts to help predict earthquakes. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Earthquakes (cont.) (page 425)

19. Section 1-19 Natural Resources Oil and Natural Gas About 70 percent of the world’s oil reserves and 33 percent of the world’s natural gas reserves are found in the region. (page 426)

20. Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Minerals Turkmenistan has the world’s largest deposits of sulfate. Morocco ranks third in the production of phosphate.  (page 426) The region may contain up to 10 percent of the world’s iron ore reserves. Natural Resources (cont.)

21. Section 1-21 Building Diverse Economies Many countries in the region are diversifying their economies so that they are not so dependent on their oil and mineral exports. Natural Resources (cont.) (page 426)

22. Section 1-22 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What do these facts suggest about the region’s economy? The abundance of oil and natural gas suggests that the region does not need to import these energy sources. The region is self-sufficient, and it can export its natural resources in trade for finished products that it does not possess. The region has the potential for future development. Natural Resources (cont.) (page 426)

23. Section 1-23 Checking for Understanding __ 1.in the desert, a streambed that is dry except during a heavy rain __ 2.deposit of rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by running water __ 3.natural mineral containing chemical compounds often used in fertilizers __ 4.term for deserts in Central Asia A.alluvial soil B.wadi C.kum D.phosphate Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. A D C B Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

24. Section 1-24 Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting How are the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea alike? How are they different? The Caspian and Aral seas are alike because they are landlocked bodies of saltwater that have suffered from a decrease in the flows of feeder rivers. The are different because the Aral is smaller and has shrunk a great deal more than the Caspian Sea. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

25. Section 1-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Predicting Consequences How might development of oil fields in the Caspian Sea affect the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia? The development of oil fields may improve the economies of countries that share the Caspian, but it may also increase pollution in the area.

26. Section 1-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Information How has diversification affected the economies of countries in the region? Oil-producing countries, such as Libya and the UAE, are shifting to banking, tourism, and other areas to support their economies when the oil runs out.

27. Section 1-27 Analyzing Maps Place Study the physical-political map below. What physical feature dominates western Iran? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

28. Section 1-28 Analyzing Maps The Zagros Mountains dominate western Iran.

29. Section 1-29 Applying Geography Benefits of Rivers Write a descriptive paragraph explaining how the major rivers of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia benefit people in the region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Possible answer: Rivers of the region supply freshwater for drinking and irrigation and create fertile farmlands along their banks and through their valleys.

30. Section 1-30 Close Speculate on the kinds of challenges that the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia faces.

31. End of Section 1

32. Section 2-1 Climate and Vegetation Explain how the climates of the region differ.  Objectives Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Describe how the needs of a growing population have affected the natural vegetation of the region.

33. Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Terms to Know oasis  Climate and Vegetation pastoralism  cereal

34. Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Sahara  Places to Locate Climate and Vegetation Rub’ al Khali  Garagum (Kara Kum)

35. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

36. Section 2-5 Because the coastal city of Agadir in Morocco has 300 days of sunshine per year, its beaches are a popular tourist attraction, as are other Moroccan beaches along the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

37. Section 2-6 Water: A Precious Resource Rainfall is plentiful in some parts of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, but in most places water is scarce.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 427–430) Desert Climate Desert areas, such as North Africa’s Sahara, cover almost 50 percent of the region.  In the deserts, summers are long and hot, winters are cold, the land is mostly flat, and precipitation averages about 10 inches (25 cm) per year.

38. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Water: A Precious Resource (cont.) Steppe Climate Steppe is the second- largest climate region.  Semi-arid conditions with light precipitation support short grasses that are grazed by livestock. (pages 427–430)

39. Section 2-8 What would it be like to live in the desert? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. It would be a lifestyle with minimal technology. Food and water would be scarce, and travel might be hazardous, especially during sandstorms. Clothing would need to be suited to a hot climate. Water: A Precious Resource (cont.) (pages 427–430)

40. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Climatic Variations Exports and Tourists The Mediterranean climate region features cool, rainy winters and hot, dry summers.  (pages 430–431) This fertile area exports citrus fruits, olives, and grapes to Europe and the United States.  Tourism is an important industry.

41. Section 2-10 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Climatic Variations (cont.) (pages 430–431)

42. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Rainfall Receiving plenty of rainfall, highlands areas support forests and grain crops without irrigation.  Climatic Variations (cont.) A Sign of Things to Come? Climate changes have turned some grassy plains in the region into deserts. (pages 430–431)

43. Section 2-12 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Climatic Variations (cont.) (pages 430–431)

44. Section 2-13 Which climate would you prefer to live in? Why? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Possible answer: The Mediterranean or highlands regions would be better to live in because of the relatively moderate temperatures, adequate rainfall, and prevalent vegetation. Climatic Variations (cont.) (pages 430–431)

45. Section 2-14 Checking for Understanding __ 1.any grain, such as barley, oats, or wheat, grown for food __ 2.the raising of livestock __ 3.small area in a desert where water and vegetation are found A.oasis B.pastoralism C.cereal Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. B A C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

46. Section 2-15 Critical Thinking Comparing and Contrasting Compare and contrast agriculture in steppe climate regions with that of Mediterranean climate regions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. In steppe climate regions, there are short grasses as pasture for livestock. In Mediterranean climate regions, there are cereals and food grains, fruits, olives, and grapes.

47. Section 2-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Cause and Effect Why has natural vegetation declined in areas of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia? Climatic changes and human activity have turned grassy plains into desert.

48. Section 2-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Drawing Conclusions How did climate changes in the Sahara centuries ago affect its people? Critical Thinking Climate change led to the raising of brush- grazing sheep, goats, and camels instead of grass-hungry cattle. Climate change also led to the relocation toward the coast, rivers, and oases.

49. Section 2-18 Analyzing Maps Region Study the map of climate regions on the top right and the map of natural vegetation on the bottom right. What kind of natural vegetation thrives in Mediterranean climates? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

50. Section 2-19 Analyzing Maps Chaparral vegetation thrives in Mediterranean climates.

51. Section 2-20 Applying Geography Climate and Population Write a paragraph explaining the possible effects of climate on settlement patterns in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Possible answer: While oil has increased desert settlement, desert areas are still sparsely populated. Most people live where food, water, and fertile land are available, such as in Mediterranean climate areas.

52. Section 2-21 Close Name a country in the region and have your classmates identify its climate region(s) and typical vegetation. Continue with other students naming countries until each country has been reviewed.

53. End of Section 2

54. Chapter Summary 1 Section 1: The Land (pages 421–426) North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe.  Key Points Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The region is a jigsaw puzzle of peninsulas and seas.  Rivers feed the inland seas and supply irrigation to parched lands. Their alluvial soil deposits enrich the land, especially in the Nile River Valley and delta.  The movement of tectonic plates forms mountains, moves landforms, and causes earthquakes in the region.

55. Chapter Summary 2 Section 1: The Land (pages 421–426) The region contains much of the world’s oil and natural gas reserves. Key Points

56. Chapter Summary 3 Rainfall in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia varies widely. Most of the region contains arid areas.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Key Points The four climate regions in North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia are desert, steppe, Mediterranean, and highlands.  Natural vegetation in the region varies widely and is closely related to rainfall and irrigation patterns. Section 2: Climate and Vegetation (pages 427–431)

57. End of Chapter Summary

58. Chapter Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences. alluvial soilcerealkum oasispastoralismphosphate wadi 1.In the Sahara, a place where underground water surfaces is a(n) ___________________. 2.Runoff from infrequent rainstorms can create a ___________________, or a dry streambed. 3.___________________, or the raising and grazing of livestock, is a way of life on the steppe. 4.Morocco produces ___________________, which is used in fertilizers. oasis wadi Pastoralism phosphate

59. Chapter Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences. alluvial soilcerealkum oasispastoralismphosphate wadi 5.Much of the region is covered by sandy deserts, or ___________________. 6.Barley is an example of a _________________ grain. 7.___________________ is rich soil deposited by running water. kum cereal Alluvial soil

60. Chapter Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What physical features separate the Arabian Peninsula from the African continent? Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden separate the Arabian Peninsula from the African continent.

61. Chapter Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What physical features separate Europe and Asia and connect the Aegean and Black Seas? Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus separate Europe and Asia and connect the Aegean and Black Seas.

62. Chapter Assessment 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What desert covers most of Turkmenistan? What desert covers about half of Uzbekistan? Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The Garagum covers most of Turkmenistan. The Qiziqum covers about half of Uzbekistan.

63. Chapter Assessment 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. About how much of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia experience desert climate? Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Almost 50 percent of these areas experience desert climate.

64. Chapter Assessment 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Describe the natural vegetation of steppe areas. Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Natural vegetation of steppe areas includes short grasses, shrubs, and some trees.

65. Chapter Assessment 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. In what part of the region does tropical vegetation flourish? What climate factors allow this kind of vegetation to grow in that area? Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation Vegetation flourishes along the Nile River. It is in the desert climate area, but the river gives enough water for farming and diverse vegetation.

66. Chapter Assessment 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions How do you think the region’s resources affect the global economy? Countries producing petroleum and natural gas greatly influence the economies of countries around the world by controlling the supply and prices of these exports.

67. Chapter Assessment 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Information Compare the climate map on page 428 with the population density map on page 412 of your textbook. How does climate influence where people live in the region? People live where food and water are available and there is a chance for livelihood, such as the arable lands in the Mediterranean climate region.

68. Chapter Assessment 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Locating Places Match the letters on the map with the physical features of North America, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia. __1.Arabian Peninsula __2.Sahara __3.Atlas Mountains __4.Nile River __5.Aral Sea __6.Red Sea __7.Persian Gulf __8.Mediterranean Sea __9.Caspian Sea __10.Black Sea __11.Gulf of Aden __12.Tian Shan A I E C K D F J G H B L

69. Chapter Assessment 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why do the farming techniques in some of the region’s coastal areas differ from those practiced in the Nile River valley? Precipitation in coastal areas is adequate for farming. Irrigation is usually required along the Nile.

70. End of Chapter Assessment

71. Geography Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

72. STP 1 Choose the best answer for the following multiple- choice questions. If you have trouble answering the questions, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

73. STP 2 1.Part of Uzbekistan has a desert climate. What kind of vegetation can grow in a desert climate? ANo vegetation at all BDrought-resistant shrubs and cacti CDrought-resistant shrubs, cacti, and occasional small-scale farm crops in areas with underground water DShort grasses for grazing Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Test-Taking Tip Note that the directions ask you to choose the best answer to the question. The best answer will contain the most precise information for answering the question.

74. STP 3 2.In part of the region of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia, people earn their living by growing citrus fruits, olives, and grapes as well as from the tourist trade. This region probably has a(n) Fhighlands climate. Gsteppe climate. HMediterranean climate. Jdesert climate. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Test-Taking Tip Think about the conditions needed to grow the specific crops. Desert climates are too dry, as are steppe climates. Highlands climates are wet but may be too cold. Eliminating wrong choices helps you choose the correct answer.

75. GeoFact 2 The highest temperature recorded on Earth occurred in the Sahara at Al-Aziziah, Libya, on September 13, 1922. It was 136°F (58°C)!

76. FYI 1 Comparing Deltas The Aswan High Dam and other dams in Egypt now reduce alluvial soil deposits from the Nile, but the free-flowing Mississippi River in the United States still carries more than 170 million tons of sediment annually to an ever-growing delta.

77. SkillBuilder 1 Geographers call the plant life that grows naturally in an area natural vegetation. Variations in vegetation can make areas of the same country look very different. Reading a Vegetation Map

78. SkillBuilder 2 Learning the Skill Climate greatly affects natural vegetation. For example, thick layers of plants that make up tropical forest vegetation grow only in tropical rain forest climates. Likewise, areas with less than 10 inches (25 cm) of rain support only desert scrub vegetation.  Reading a Vegetation Map Elevation also affects vegetation. Forests grow at the bases of mountains. At higher elevations, grasses, small trees, and shrubs grow. Where elevation makes it too cold for trees and shrubs, only mosses thrive. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

79. SkillBuilder 3 On a vegetation map, colors indicate different vegetation types. The map key explains the color code. To read a vegetation map:  Learning the Skill Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Identify the area covered on the map.  Study the key to identify the vegetation types that the map depicts.  Locate the regions covered by each vegetation type.  Draw conclusions about the similarities and differences between the types of vegetation found in different areas of the map. Reading a Vegetation Map

80. SkillBuilder 4 Practicing the Skill Use the map showing the vegetation of Central Asia from page 432 of your textbook to answer the following questions. 1.What geographic area does this map show? 2.In which vegetation region is the capital of Kyrgyzstan located? This map shows Central Asia. Bishkek, the capital of Kyrgyzstan, is located in a temperate grassland region. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers. Reading a Vegetation Map

81. SkillBuilder 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answer. Practicing the Skill 3.What kinds of vegetation are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea? Desert scrub, desert waste, and temperate grassland are found along the coast of the Caspian Sea. Use the map showing the vegetation of Central Asia from page 432 of your textbook to answer the following questions. Reading a Vegetation Map

82. SkillBuilder 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers. 4.What factors would explain the distribution of vegetation throughout the region? 5.Of the areas shown on the vegetation map, where do you think irrigation is used for cultivating crops? Practicing the Skill The distribution of vegetation can be explained by the variety of climate: steppe, desert, and highlands. Use the map showing the vegetation of Central Asia from page 432 of your textbook to answer the following questions. Reading a Vegetation Map Possible answer: Irrigation is used where the climate is driest and there is the least availability of water.

83. Maps and Charts Contents Maps North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Physical-Political North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Climate Regions North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia: Natural Vegetation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

84. Maps and Charts 1

85. Maps and Charts 2

86. Maps and Charts 3

87. Political Map Transparency

88. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus give Turkey control of shipping into and out of the Black Sea.

89. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

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91. End of Slide Show