1. Experiment 5 Pipe Flow-Major and Minor losses ( review)
The goal is to study pressure losses due to viscous ( frictional) effects in fluid flows through pipes H
Reservoir
Differential Pressure Gauge- measure ΔP
Flow meter
Pipe D L
Valve
Schematic of experimental Apparatus
Pipes with different Diameter, Length, and surface characteristics will be used for the experiments

2. Major and Minor losses
Total Head Loss( hLT) = Major Loss (hL)+ Minor Loss (hLM)
Due to sudden expansion, contraction, fittings etc
Due to wall friction
In this experiment you will find friction factor for various pipes
K is loss coefficient must be determined for each situation
For Short pipes with multiple fittings, the minor losses are no longer “minor”!!

3. Differential Pressure Gauge- measure ΔP
Major loss
Differential Pressure Gauge- measure ΔP L V
ρ μ ε
Pipe D
Physical problem is to relate pressure drop to fluid parameters and pipe geometry
Using dimensional analysis we can show that

4. Friction factor

5. Friction Factor
For Laminar flow ( Re<2300) inside a horizontal pipe, friction factor is independent of the surface roughness.
For Laminar flow
For Turbulent flow ( Re>4000) it is not possible to derive analytical expressions.
Empirical expressions relating friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness are available in literature

6. Friction factor correlations
f is not related explicitly Re and relative roughness in this equation.
The following equation can be used instead

7. Moody’s chart for friction factor
Increases
Laminar
f=64/Re
Smooth
Transition
ReD

9. Minor Losses
Valves
Bends
T joints
Expansions
Contractions
Flow separation and associated viscous effects will tend to decrease the flow energy and hence the losses
The phenomenon is fairly complicated. Loss coefficient ‘K’ will take care of this complicities

10. Experiment 5 - New Experimental Set upH
Reservoir
Digital Manometer
To measure ΔP

11. Experiment 5 - Experimental Steps & DetailsH
Reservoir
Overall Measurements
Measure the Reservoir Height, H
Measure the Distances L1, L2, etc.
Measure the distances Δx1, Δx2, etc. Measure the pipe diameters L1
Δx1
For EACH PIPE Follow Steps below
Set the reservoir height, H, to the maximum level, approx. close to the ‘spill-over’ partition height. Record the level.
Adjust the flow rate to a relatively high value, wait for steady flow to be established.
Measure the flow rate.
Measure the pressure drop, ΔP, for this flow rate.
Reduce the flow rate, by using the valves, repeat steps 1 & 2.
Reduce the reservoir height and repeat steps 1-3.
Repeat all steps until 3 reservoir heights have been measured
Hence for each pipe, you will measure ΔP, for six flow rates
(3 H x 2 valve openings) L2
Δx2 L3
Δx3 L4
Δx2