2. Chapter 4 continued Nonrenewable Mineral Resources Energy Energy Options Environmental Degradation Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development

3. Nonrenewable Natural Resources The widespread distribution of nonmetallic elements (e.g. sand & gravel, nitrogen, potash, phosphorous, sulfur, etc.) Uneven distribution of metallic minerals Figure 4.12 – diversity of strategic minerals in U.S. Canada, Australia, South Africa and Russia Growing U.S. dependent on imports Mineral supply options: the oceans, improved mining technologies, recycling Figure 4.13: “transmaterialization” – substitution of advanced materials for natural materials Environmental Impacts – use of lower quality ores

4. Production of Strategic Materials

5. Changing Consumption of Metals

6. U.S. Energy Consumption With about 5% of global population, the U.S. uses about 25% of global energy consumption

9. Total and Per Capita Energy Consumption

11. Global Petroleum Reserves Alaska?

12. Petroleum Reserves And Production % different Than Fig.4.18

13. U.S. Oil Statistics Figure 4.16 – text Data are very different Than the scale on This graph – see the next Slide for more accurate data

15. Source: U.S. Energy Administration. Tight Oil is shale oil production

16. Oil Production & Consumption U.S. Growing foreign dependence Rise of OPEC Global imbalance in energy demand and supply Pressures to increase domestic output – Alaska, Offshore Future demands and supplies: when will global output peak, and what will be the alternative?

17. Crude Oil Reserves, Production & Trade

18. Production & Consumption Crude Oil by Major Region

19. Natural Gas Reserves and Production

20. World Trade in Natural Gas

21. Coal Production And Reserves

22. Major Iron-Producing & Coal Fields

23. Acid Rain Creation

24. Energy Options – Post Cheap Fossil Fuels Conservation Nuclear Power – Figure 4.29 Geothermal Hydropower Solar Energy Wind – note case study Biomass

25. Source: NWPCC 6 th Northwest Power Plan, Chapter 2 An Example of Renewable Energy Options - RPS – Renewable Resource Portfolio Standard

26. Environmental Degradation Pollution – air and water Wildlife & habitat preservation Environmental Equity Causes of Decrease

27. Sources of Air Pollutants Point vs. Non-point sources

28. Acid Rain Concentration

29. Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming

30. Environmental Equity and Sustainable Development Environmental spillovers of human development Principle of sustainable development –Western concerns with long-run growth and efficiency, externalizing environmental costs –A critique from the Global South – equity and internalizing environmental costs –P. 127 last paragraph before summary

31. Problems of Air pollution, Acid Rain, And Aquifer Depletion 2010 Gulf Oil Spill

32. Problems of poverty, Poor land distribution, Lack of rural opportunities, Exploitation of environment by corporate interests, Threatening forests, Polluting water, Creating Urban Air Quality Problems

33. Problems Of deforestation, Desertification, Overgrazing, Soil erosion, Wildlife extinction

34. Water supply problems, Overgrazing, Irrigation-induced salinization

35. Marine pollution, Acid rain, Polluted rivers

42. Summary Resource problems can be solved by (1) changing societal goals (2) changing consumption patterns (3) changing technology (4) altering population levels Viewing the “food crisis” as socially constructed Nonrenewable resources – shifting from a growth-oriented to a balance-oriented lifestyle