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Ch 2: Nature of Matter
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What is Matter? matter is anything that has mass and volume Substance is pure matter made of only one type of particle
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Matter has Volume Volume: the amount of space that matter takes up
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Volume rectangular solid with regular sides, Use the formula Volume = l x w x h Label your answer with Cubic centimeters or cm3 or CCs
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solids with irregular sides: use displacement method: Fill a graduated cylinder with water, add the material and measure how much water is pushed out of the way Label your answer using cubic centimeters or milliliters
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volume Liquids: measured with a graduated cylinder Label your answer in liters or milliliters
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volume Gas: measure the size of the container Label your answer using cubic meters or cubic centimeters
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Mass is the amount of matter in an object Mass is measured with a balance using grams as the base metric unit mass
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MATTER HAS DENSITY Density is: the amount of matter in a given space. Density is calculated: Density = Mass Volume
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density Density is measured with a balance (for mass) and a graduated cylinder (for volume) Label your answer with the metric units g/ml or g/cm3
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Water’s density is 1g/ml or 1 g/ cm 3 Every pure substance has its own density, density is a characteristic property used to identify a substance density
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MATTER CAN BE DESCRIBED BY ITS PROPERTIES. A property is a characteristic used to describe an object. Both chemical and physical properties are used to identify and describe matter
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1. Physical property - a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance 2 types of properties
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Examples of physical properties: color taste odor volume mass density viscosity solubility melting point boiling point Electrical conductivity thermal conductivity
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Chemical property - a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance with new properties Chemical property
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Examples of chemical properties: Ability to rust Ability to tarnish Flammable Reacts with baking soda Reacts with acids Reacts with bases
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Matter can be identified by its properties that do not change even when the sample size changes. Some of these properties are: density, melting point, boiling point, and what it reacts with.
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Elements: Elements are pure substances made up of only one type of atom. They cannot be broken down into a simpler substance There are about 115 known elements, 92 natural Rest are man-made
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element Each element has its own atomic structure and a unique set of physical and chemical properties that identify it the smallest particle of each element is the atom
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Compounds a pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in a set ratio smallest piece of a compound is called a molecule.
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compounds Most elements in nature are combined with other elements most substances we use everyday are made of compounds.
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compounds When elements are chemically combined they form compounds with properties that are DIFFERENT from the original elements
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compounds Compounds can be chemically broken down into the individual elements that form them
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Examples of property changes Water – clear liquid formed from two highly explosive gasses Table salt – white crystalline solid necessary for cellular function formed from an explosive silvery metal and a poisonous green gas
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compounds Chemical formula - Compounds combine according to certain ratios, there is a set “recipe” Ex: water is ALWAYS 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen atom
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Mixtures A mixture is 2 or more substances PHYSICALLY combined Each substance keeps its original physical properties
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mixtures Parts of a mixture can be separated by PHYSICAL changes Substances in the mixture can be any amount in the mixture (no set “recipe”)
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Heterogeneous mixtures have particles big enough to see, they are not evenly mixed and some particles are big enough to separate out. 2 kinds of mixtures
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Homogeneous mixtures look the same throughout, they are evenly mixed and do not separate on their own.
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Solutions a homogenous mixture with the smallest particle size Concentrated – a lot of one substance dissolved in another. Ex. Very salty salt water Dilute – not very much of one substance dissolved in another Ex. Not very much salt in salt water
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matter elementscompounds mixtures heterogeneous homogeneous atoms molecules
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Matter can change in two ways Physical change: a change in form or appearance, but no new substance is created; most physical changes are easy to undo.
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Examples of physical change Change of State: solid to a liquid; liquid to a gas, etc. Change in form or shape dissolving salt in water bending metal crushing breaking
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Chemical change a change that occurs when one or more substances are changed into entirely different substances with new properties
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Examples of chemical changes Souring milk, bubbling or Fizzing when 2 things combine, Iron rusting, Bleach taking color out of something Burning
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Conservation laws Law of Conservation of Matter - Matter is not created or destroyed in any chemical or physical change Law of conservation of energy- Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but can change forms
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Energy Energy – ability to do work or cause change. Like matter, energy is never created or destroyed in chemical reactions, it can only be transformed (changed from one form to another)
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energy Thermal energy – total energy of all of the particles in an object Temperature – measure of the average energy of random motion of particles of matter
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energy Endothermic change – a change in which energy is taken in. Ex: melting ice Exothermic change – a change in which energy is released. Ex: combustion – heat and light are produced.
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energy Chemical energy – energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms, energy stored in the foods you eat, gasoline to fuel a car, etc. Electromagnetic energy – energy that travels through space and waves. Ex: radio waves, microwave oven, etc.
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