1. HEMATOLOGY
Structure of the Blood

2. Composition Plasma Serum Cellular Components
Liquid portion of blood without cellular components
Serum
Plasma after a blood clot is formed
Cellular Components
Red & White blood cells, platelets
The average adult contains 8-10 pints of blood

3. Plasma Straw colored Contains no cellular components Water
Blood Proteins
Plasma Proteins
Fibrinogens- Necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in liver
Albumin- From the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume
Prothrombin- A globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Hormones, vitamins, enzymes
Metabolic waste products

4. Erythrocytes (Red blood Cells)
Do not contain nucleus/cellular elements
Shape
Biconcave discs, donut shaped
Hemoglobin
Gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein
Function
Transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
Normal:
Men= gm
Women= gm

5. Erythrocytes Arterial blood Venous blood
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) travel through the lungs where O2 is carried to tissues and released CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange
Arterial blood
Lots of oxygen
Bright red
Venous blood
Lots of CO2
Dark crimson

6. Erythropoiesis Manufacture of red blood cells Occurs in bone marrow
Red cells live 120 days
Old cells are broken down by the spleen and liver
Hemolysis
Rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.

7. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Larger than erythrocytes – main function to fight infection
5 types
Normal count
Shape
Granular, agranular, translucent or ameboid
Types
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Phagocytosis
Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria

8. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Phagocytosis
Process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria
Performed by phagocytes
Basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Basophils produce heparin
An anticoagulant
Diapedesis
When white cells move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue

9. Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Not cells
Fragments of megakaryocytes
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process

10. Blood Types A B O AB BLOOD TYPES
Four major types of blood – A, B, AB, & O
Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell
ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body
Someone with type A blood has B antibodies.
Someone with type B blood has A antibodies.
Someone with type AB blood has NO antibodies.
Someone with type O blood has A & B antibodies.
UNIVERSAL DONOR – Blood Type O
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – Blood Type AB A B O AB

12. Blood Types cont’d Red cells also may contain Rh Factor
If you have it, you’re Rh +
If you don’t, you’re Rh –
When an Rh – mother is pregnant with an Rh + baby, the baby’s blood (usually during delivery) can mix with the mom’s blood, causing the mom’s blood to make anti Rh antibodies.
If the mom gets pregnant again with another Rh + positive, her anti Rh antibodies will attack the baby’s blood, causing ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
RHO Gam will destroy any baby blood cells in the mom, & her immune system won’t produce antibodies.

13. Disorders ANEMIA Deficiency in number or % of red blood cells
IRON-DEFICENCY ANEMIA
Usually in women, children and adolescents
Deficiency of iron in the diet causing in sufficient hemoglobin synthesis
Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables

14. PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Caused by deficiency of B12 or intrinsic factor (produced by stomach mucosa, necessary for absorption of B12)
Symptoms – dyspnea, pallor, fatigue, & neurologic changes
Treatment – injections of B12
APLASTIC ANEMIA
Bone marrow does not produce enough red & white blood cells
Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

15. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents
Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape
Siclke cells break easily & carry less oxygen
Occurs primarily in blacks
Treatment – blood transfusions
COOLEY’S ANEMIA
Also known as Thalassemia Major
Caused by a defect in hemoglobin
Affects people of Mediterranean descent

16. POLYCYTHEMIA
Too many red blood cells are formed
May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
EMBOLISM
Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. That is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
Also known as a “moving blood clot”
THROMBOSIS
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
The blood clot is a THROMBUS

17. HEMATOMA
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture
HEMOPHILIA
Hereditary
Missing clotting factor
Blood clots slow or abnormally
Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mother to sons
Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Not enough platelets
Blood will not clot properly

18. LEUKEMIA
Malignant condition
Overproduction of immature white blood cells
Hinders synthesis of red cells
SEPTICEMIA
Presence of pathogens or toxins in the blood

19. Pus- cream colored liquid
Abscess- pus filed cavity
Pyrexia- fever
Leukocytosis-increase in white blood cell count (>10,000 per cubic centimeter)
Edema-excessive fluid in tissues