1. Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves & Sound
WHY IS THIS???

2. 17.1: Mechanical Waves

3. What types of waves can you identify in a wave pool @ at amusement park?
In a wave pool, energy is being carried across the pool in the form of waves.
The sounds of laughter and talking in the pool are also being carried by waves. 

4. Mechanical Waves
Mechanical wave- a disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another
You can see the effects of a wave’s energy in the wave pool when it lifts people in the water. 
Mechanical waves require matter to travel through. 

5. Medium Medium- material through which a wave travels
solids, liquids, and gases can all act as mediums
Waves travel through a rope when you shake one end of it. Rope = medium

6. How are mechanical waves created?
Vibration- a repeating back-and-forth motion
A mechanical wave is created when a source of energy causes a vibration to travel through a medium. 

7. 3 Types of Mechanical Waves
There are three (3) main types of mechanical waves:
Transverse
Longitudinal
Surface

8. Transverse Waves
Transverse wave- wave that causes the medium to vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels
These waves carry energy from left to right in a direction perpendicular to the up and down motion of the medium
Example: shaking one end of a rope up and down 

9. Parts of a Transverse Wave
Crest- the highest point of the wave above the rest position
Trough- the lowest below the rest position 

10. Parts of a Transverse Wave
Identify points B, D, F, & H as either crests or troughs.

11. QUESTION
How does the direction of a transverse wave compare with the direction of the medium? 
Answer: They are opposite/perpendicular! 

12. Longitudinal Waves
Longitudinal wave- wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels
Example: Sound
Wave in spring moving BACK and FORTH (not up and down)
P-Waves - longitudinal waves produced by earthquakes

13. Parts of a Longitudinal Wave
Compression- the area where the particles in a medium are spaced close together
Rarefaction- the area where the particles in a medium are spread out

14. Parts of a Longitudinal Wave
Label at least one compression and one rarefaction on the longitudinal wave below:
Compression
Rarefaction

15. Question
How does the direction of a longitudinal wave compare with the direction of the medium? 
Answer: They are the same/parallel! 

16. Surface Waves
Surface wave- wave that travels along a surface separating two media
Example- ocean waves
They occur at the surface between water and air
A bobber floating in the waves will travel in a circle because the motion from these surface waves is both up-and-down and back-and-forth like in the transverse and longitudinal waves
Most waves do not move matter from one place to another

17. Most waves do not move matter from one place to another…however
When the waves approach the shore they behave differently
What causes a wave to break?
As a wave enters shallow water the bottom of the wave has too much friction acting on it from the seafloor, while the top of the wave continues at its original speed
As a result, the wave carries the medium and anything in it toward the shore

19. 17.2: Properties of Mechanical Waves

20. Surfing Question: How do surfers know when the next wave is coming?
Answer: They can count the time between crests, and the next crest will usually follow this pattern. 
They can do this because waves follow periodic motion. 

21. Periodic Motion
Periodic motion- any motion that repeats at regular time intervals
Many things display periodic motion

22. The surfers were timing the PERIOD
Period- time required for one cycle, a complete motion that returns to its starting point
For an ocean wave, the period is the time between 2 successive crests

23. Frequency
To find how many crests pass in a given time, you need to know the frequency  
Frequency- number of complete cycles in a given time
The frequency of a wave is how many wave cycles pass a point in a given time
Frequency is measured in cycles per second, or hertz  (Hz)
A wave’s frequency equals the frequency of the vibrating source producing the wave 

24. Period & Frequency

25. Wavelength
Wavelength- distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next cycle of the waves.
For a transverse wave, the wavelength is measured between adjacent crests or between adjacent troughs
For longitudinal waves, the wavelength is the distance between the center of a compression to the center of the next compression

26. How to measure wavelength…

27. Wavelength & Frequency
Question: When wavelengths are shorter, the crests are closer together, is the frequency  higher or lower? 
Answer: HIGHER! 
Increasing the frequency of a wave decreases its wavelength! 

28. Which has the highest frequency? _______ Which has the lowest frequency? _______ Which has the shortest wavelength? _______ Which has the longest wavelength? _______ A B

29. Wave Speed
To determine how fast a wave is traveling, remember how we find speed: distance/time
In waves, distance is like wavelength, and time is period. 
So we can solve for the speed of a wave using the following formula: 
Speed = WAVELENGTH  x FREQUENCY

30. Solving for Wave Speed
The units for wave speed are the same as the units for speed we covered earlier:
meters per second (m/s)
If we keep speed constant, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
What does this mean if you have 2 waves with different frequencies?
The wave with the lower frequency has a longer wavelength
Refer to Math Skills on page 506 for practice 

31. Amplitude…Energy…
Consider the difference in the waves you would see if you dropped a pebble into the water compared to a cannonball…. 
Which waves would be higher?
The cannonball

32. Amplitude & Energy
Amplitude- the maximum displacement of the medium from its rest position
Considered the “height” of the wave
The more energy a wave has, the greater its amplitude  

33. What do you think of when you hear the word reflection?
17.3: Behavior of Waves
What do you think of when you hear the word reflection?
Now…relate that thought to waves!!!

34. Wave Reflection
Reflection- occurs when a wave bounces off a surface that it cannot pass through, ex: echo
The reflection of a wave is like the reflection of a ball thrown at a wall. The ball cannot go through the wall so it bounces back. 
If you send a transverse wave down a rope attached to a wall, the wave reflects when it hits the wall

35. Wave Reflection

36. Wave Reflection
Reflection does not change the speed or frequency of a wave, but the wave can be flipped upside down. 
If the reflection occurs at a fixed boundary (wall), then the reflected wave will be upside-down compared to the original wave (see picture on previous slide)

37. Wave Refraction
Refraction- the bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle
As an ocean wave approaches the shore at an angle, the wave bends, or refracts toward shore because one side of each wave front hits before the other side does as it gets into shallow water. 
Refraction of the wave occurs only when the two sides of a wave travel at different speeds. 

38. Wave Refraction
When a wave enters a medium at an angle, refraction occurs because one side of the wave moves more slowly than the other side. 

39. Wave Diffraction
Diffraction- the bending of a wave as it moves around an obstacle or passes through a narrow opening.
The pattern is very similar to the circular ripples you see when a pebble is tossed into a pond. 
A wave diffracts more if its wavelength is large compared to the size of an opening or obstacle  

40. Examples of Wave Diffraction
A wave diffracts more if its wavelength is large compared to the size of an opening or obstacle  

41. Wave Diffraction
The pattern is very similar to the circular ripples you see when a pebble is tossed into a pond. 

42. Interference
Interference occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together
There are two types of interference:
constructive interference
destructive interference 

43. Interference (2 Types)

44. Constructive Interference
Constructive interference- occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a larger displacement (taller), ex: crest meets crest

45. Destructive Interference
Destructive interference- occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a smaller displacement, ex: crest meets trough

46. Standing Waves
Standing waves- wave that appears to stay in one place – it does not seem to move through the medium
Interference from reflected wave
You can observe one if you pluck a guitar
Only certain points are stationary- called nodes. 

47. 17.4: Sound & Hearing

48. Sound Waves QUESTION: What type of waves are sound waves?
Hint: compressions and rarefactions travel through a medium in sound waves 
ANSWER: Longitudinal Waves

49. Sound Waves
Here's what sound waves look like. The caption reads, "A visible pattern of sound waves. This new technique of studying sound demonstrates the focusing effect of an acoustical lens on sound waves issuing from the horn at extreme left.

50. Properties of Sound Some properties of sound: Speed Intensity Loudness
Frequency
Pitch

51. Speed of a Wave
It takes time for sound to travel
travels at 342 m/s

52. Speed of Sound Varies…
Refer to Figure 14 on page 514 for the speeds of sound in different media!
Generally, sound waves travel fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases
This is partly due to the spacing of the particles in each phase 

53. Intensity
Intensity- rate at which a wave’s energy flows through a given area
Sound intensity depends on both wave’s amplitude and the distance from the sound source
Measured in decibel (dB)
See Figure 15: Sound Intensity Level
Whisper: dB
Rock Concert: dB
Jet Plane (taking off): dB

54. Intensity depends on wave’s amplitude (energy) and distance from the sound source
If someone whispers in your ear, the sound intensity may be greater than when someone shouts at you from the other end of a field

55. Loudness
Loudness- physical response to the intensity of sound, modified by physical factors
Subjective, open to interpretation 
As intensity increases, loudness increases, however:
Loudness also depends on factors such as the health of your ears and how your brain interprets the information in sound waves!

56. Frequency of a Sound Wave
Vibration becomes faster as sound frequency becomes higher
The frequency of a sound wave depends on how fast the source of the sound is vibrating
In musical instruments, the size of the tubing through which air moves produces different frequencies
Longer tubing = longer wavelength = lower frequency

57. Pitch of a Sound Wave frequency of a sound as you perceive it
High-frequency sounds have a high pitch
Low-frequency sounds have a low pitch
BUT pitch, like loudness, depends on other factors such as your age and health of your ears!

58. Ultrasound Most people hear sounds between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz.
Infrasound: sound at frequencies lower than most people hear
Ultrasound: sound at frequencies higher than most people hear
Ultrasound is used in a variety of applications, sonar & ultrasound imaging

59. Sonar
Sonar: a technique for determining the distance to an object under water
Stands for SOund NAvigation and Ranging
Distance calculated by using the speed of sound in water and the time that the sound wave takes to reach and object and the echo takes to return

60. Sonar

61. Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect - a change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both
As a source of sound approaches, an observer hears a higher frequency
When the sound source moves away, the observer hears a lower frequency
This is due to the sound waves being close together and spread out 

62. Doppler Effect

63. Hearing & the Ear
You are able to pick up slight vibrations in the air from sound because your ear has a membrane that vibrates when a sound wave strikes it.
The outer ear gathers, and focuses sound into the middle ear like a funnel
The middle ear receives and amplifies the vibrations
The inner ear uses nerve endings to sense vibrations and send signals to the brain to decode 

64. Hearing & the Ear

65. Recording Sound
Sound is recorded by converting sound waves into electronic signals that can be processed and stored
Sound is reproduced by converting electronic signals back into sound waves
Larger-diameter speakers are better at reproducing lower frequencies of sound (like a bass drum)
Smaller-diameter speakers are better for reproducing higher frequencies of sound (like a small bongo drum) 

66. Speakers

67. Music
Most instruments vary pitch by changing the frequency of standing waves
Resonance- the response of a standing wave to another wave of the same frequency
Think of a child being pushed on a swing…if the pushes are timed at the right frequency, the child can swing higher and higher.
In the same way, one wave can “push” another wave to a higher amplitude

68. Resonance