1. Financial Statement Analysis
Chapter 14
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
Discuss the need for comparative analysis.
Identify the tools of financial statement analysis.
Explain and apply horizontal analysis.
Describe and apply vertical analysis.
Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.
Understand the concept of quality of earnings.

2. Basics of Financial Statement Analysis
Analyzing financial statements involves:
Characteristics
Comparison
Bases
Tools of
Analysis
Liquidity
Profitability
Solvency
Intracompany
Industry averages
Intercompany
Horizontal
Vertical
Ratio
LO 1 Discuss the need for comparative analysis.
LO 2 Identify the tools of financial statement analysis.

3. Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal analysis, also called trend analysis, is a technique for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time.
Purpose is to determine the increase or decrease that has taken place.
Commonly applied to the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of retained earnings.
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.

4. Horizontal Analysis
Illustration 14-5
Horizontal analysis of
balance sheets
Changes suggest that the company expanded its asset base during 2009 and financed this expansion primarily by retaining income rather than assuming additional long-term debt.
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.

5. Horizontal Analysis
Illustration 14-6
Horizontal analysis of
Income statements
Overall, gross profit and net income were up substantially. Gross profit increased
17.1%, and net income, 26.5%. Quality’s profit trend appears favorable.
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.

6. Horizontal Analysis
Illustration 14-7
Horizontal analysis of
retained earnings statements
In the horizontal analysis of the balance sheet the ending retained earnings increased 38.6%. As indicated earlier, the company retained a significant portion of net income to finance additional plant facilities.
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.

7. Vertical Analysis
Vertical analysis, also called common-size analysis, is a technique that expresses each financial statement item as a percent of a base amount.
On an income statement, we might say that selling expenses are 16% of net sales.
Vertical analysis is commonly applied to the balance sheet and the income statement.
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.

8. Vertical Analysis
Illustration 14-8
Vertical analysis of
balance sheets
These results reinforce the earlier observations that Quality is choosing to finance its growth through retention of earnings rather than through issuing additional debt.
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.

9. Vertical Analysis Quality appears
Illustration 14-9
Vertical analysis of
Income statements
Quality appears
to be a profitable enterprise that is becoming even more successful.
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.

10. Vertical Analysis
Enables a comparison of companies of different sizes.
Illustration 14-10
Intercompany income statement comparison
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.

11. Financial Ratio Classifications
Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis expresses the relationship among selected items of financial statement data.
Financial Ratio Classifications
Liquidity
Profitability
Solvency
Measures short-term ability of the company to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash.
Measures the income or operating success of a company for a given period of time.
Measures the ability of the company to survive over a long period of time.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

12. Ratio Analysis A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful.
The discussion of ratios will include the following types of comparisons.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

13. Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratios
Measure the short-term ability of the company to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash.
Short-term creditors such as bankers and suppliers are particularly interested in assessing liquidity.
Ratios include the current ratio, the acid-test ratio, Receivable turnover, and inventory turnover.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

14. Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratios 1. Current Ratio
Illustration 14-12
Ratio of 2.96:1 means that for every dollar of current liabilities, Quality has $2.96 of current assets.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

15. Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratios 2. Acid-Test Ratio
Illustration 14-13
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

16. Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratios 2. Acid-Test Ratio
Illustration 14-14
Acid-test ratio measures immediate liquidity.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

17. Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratios 3. Receivable Turnover
Illustration 14-15
Measures the number of times, on average, the company collects receivables during the period.
LO 5

18. 365 days / 10.2 times = every 35.78 days
Liquidity Ratios
Ratio Analysis
Receivable Turnover
$2,097,000
= times
($180,000 + $230,000) / 2
A variant of the Receivable turnover ratio is to convert it to an average collection period in terms of days.
365 days / 10.2 times = every days
Receivables are collected on average every 36 days.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

19. Ratio Analysis Liquidity Ratios 4. Inventory Turnover
Illustration 14-16
Measures the number of times, on average, the inventory is sold during the period.
LO 5

20. 365 days / 2.3 times = every 159 days
Liquidity Ratios
Ratio Analysis
Inventory Turnover
$1,281,000
= 2.3 times
($500,000 + $620,000) / 2
A variant of inventory turnover is the days in inventory.
365 days / 2.3 times = every 159 days
Inventory turnover ratios vary considerably among industries.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

21. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios
Measure the income or operating success of a company for a given period of time.
Income, or the lack of it, affects the company’s ability to obtain debt and equity financing, liquidity position, and the ability to grow.
Ratios include the profit margin, asset turnover, return on assets, return on common stockholders’ equity, earnings per share, price-earnings, and payout ratio.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

22. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios 5. Profit Margin
Illustration 14-17
Measures the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in net income.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

23. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios 6. Asset Turnover
Illustration 14-18
Measures how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate sales.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

24. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios 7. Return on Asset
Illustration 14-19
An overall measure of profitability.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

25. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios
8. Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity
Illustration 14-20
Shows how many dollars of net income the company earned for each dollar invested by the owners.
LO 5

26. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios 9. Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Illustration 14-21
A measure of the net income earned on each share of common stock.
LO 5

27. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios 10. Price-Earnings Ratio
Illustration 14-22
Measures the net income earned on each share of common stock.
LO 5

28. Ratio Analysis Profitability Ratios 11. Payout Ratio
Illustration 14-23
Measures the percentage of earnings distributed in the form of cash dividends.
LO 5

29. Ratio Analysis Solvency Ratios
Solvency ratios measure the ability of a company to survive over a long period of time.
Debt to Total Assets and
Times Interest Earned
are two ratios that provide information about debt-paying ability.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity, profitability, and solvency.

30. Ratio Analysis Solvency Ratios 12. Debt to Total Assets Ratio
Illustration 14-24
Measures the percentage of the total assets that creditors provide.
LO 5

31. Ratio Analysis Solvency Ratios 13. Times Interest Earned
Illustration 14-25
Provides an indication of the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due.
LO 5

32. Ratio Analysis
Summary of Ratios
Illustration 14-26
LO 5

33. Summary of Ratios
Illustration 14-26
LO 5

34. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Earning power means the normal level of income to be obtained in the future.
“Irregular” items are separately identified on the income statement. Two types are:
Discontinued operations.
Extraordinary items.
“Irregular” items are reported net of income taxes.
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

35. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Discontinued Operations
Disposal of a significant component of a business.
Report the income (loss) from discontinued operations in two parts:
income (loss) from operations (net of tax) and
gain (loss) on disposal (net of tax).
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

36. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Illustration: During 2014 BD Inc. has income before income taxes of $79,000,000. During 2014, BD discontinued and sold its unprofitable chemical division. The loss in 2014 from chemical operations (net of $135,000 taxes) was $315,000. The loss on disposal of the chemical division (net of $81,000 taxes) was $189,000. Assuming a 30% tax rate on income.
LO 6

37. Previously labeled as “Net Income”.
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Discontinued Operations are reported after “Income from continuing operations.”
Previously labeled as “Net Income”.
Moved to
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

38. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Extraordinary Items
Nonrecurring material items that differ significantly from a company’s typical business activities.
Must be both of an
Unusual Nature and
Occur Infrequently.
Must consider the environment in which it operates.
Amounts reported “net of tax.”
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

39. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Illustration: In 2014 a foreign government expropriated property held as an investment by DB Inc. If the loss is $770,000 before applicable income taxes of $231,000, the income statement will report a deduction of $539,000.
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

40. Previously labeled as “Net Income”.
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Extraordinary Items are reported after “Income from continuing operations.”
Previously labeled as “Net Income”.
Moved to
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

41. Discontinued Operations
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Reporting when both Discontinued Operations and Extraordinary Items are present.
Discontinued Operations
Extraordinary Item
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

42. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Change in Accounting Principle
Occurs when the principle used in the current year is different from the one used in the preceding year.
Accounting rules permit a change if justified.
Changes are reported retroactively.
Example would include a change in inventory costing method such as FIFO to average cost.
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

43. Reported in Stockholders’ Equity
Earning Power and Irregular Items
Comprehensive Income
All changes in stockholders’ equity except those resulting from investments by stockholders and distributions to stockholders.
Reported in Stockholders’ Equity
Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities.
Plus other items +
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

44. Earning Power and Irregular Items
Comprehensive Income
Why are gains and losses on available-for-sale securities excluded from net income?
Because disclosing them separately
reduces the volatility of net income due to fluctuations in fair value,
yet informs the financial statement user of the gain or loss that would be incurred if the securities were sold at fair value.
LO 6 Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items are presented.

45. Quality of Earnings
A company that has a high quality of earnings provides full and transparent information that will not confuse or mislead users of the financial statements.
Companies have incentives to manage income to meet or beat Wall Street expectations, so that
the market price of stock increases and
the value of stock options increase.
LO 7 Understand the concept of quality of earnings.

46. Quality of Earnings Alternate Accounting Methods Pro Forma Income
Variations among companies in the application of GAAP may hamper comparability and reduce quality of earnings.
Pro Forma Income
Pro forma income usually excludes items that the company thinks are unusual or nonrecurring.
Some companies have abused the flexibility that pro forma numbers allow.
LO 7 Understand the concept of quality of earnings.

47. Quality of Earnings Improper Recognition
Some managers have felt pressure to continually increase earnings and have manipulated the earnings numbers to meet these expectations.
Abuses include:
Improper recognition of revenue (channel stuffing).
Improper capitalization of operating expenses (WorldCom).
Failure to report all liabilities (Enron).
LO 7 Understand the concept of quality of earnings.