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SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS (INTRA-SUBJECT REPLICATION DESIGNS)
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Evaluation of treatment effects in clinical and applied research Developed in the field of Applied Behaviour Analysis Shaping of appropriate verbal responses in a four-year old autistic boy by means of electric shock SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
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Idiographic (usually – sort of) Avoids the problem of within-group variability in nomothetic designs SINGLE CASE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
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Pre-testPost-test Treatment Control between-group variability within-group variability F =
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Pre-testPost-test Treatment Control between-group variability within-group variability F =
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If within-group variability is high: Might find no statistically significant difference between groups, even though the treatment works well for some individuals
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Aim of single case designs is to demonstrate that the treatment caused any observed change in behaviour and not some other factor Rule out potential independent variables (threats to validity)
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If X, then Y and If not X, then not Y Evidence for the efficacy of a treatment is obtained if and only if a change in behaviour is observed when and only when the treatment is applied
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BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
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BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA
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Behavioural Assessment: Target behaviours clearly defined Inter-rater reliability assessed, where appropriate Stable baselines established
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BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA
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BASELINE TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP VISUAL INSPECTION OF DATA If X, then Y; but not if not X, then not Y
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ABAB (REVERSAL) DESIGNS BASELINE A TREATMENT PHASE B B REVERSAL PHASE A
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ABAB
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ABAB
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MULTIPLE BASELINE DESIGNS Do not require reversal phase Multiple baselines across:Participants Behaviours Situations
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Multiple baselines across participants Requires independence of participants
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Pates et al. (2005) Effects of music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players Flow data
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Pates et al. (2005) Effects of music on flow states and shooting performance among netball players Performance data
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Callow & Waters (2005) Effect of kinaesthetic imagery intervention on sport confidence of flat-race horse jockeys
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Multiple baselines across behaviours Requires independence of behaviours
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SWAIN & JONES (1995) Effects of goal-setting intervention on selected basketball skills Multiple baselines across participants and behaviours: Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds Steals Turnovers
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SWAIN & JONES (1995) Participants assessed on performance across 8 games and then selected one aspect of performance to work on Intervention: Individualised goal-setting procedure
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MORE ADVANTAGES Complex intervention packages Comparing different interventions Improving interventions
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MORE ADVANTAGES
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS How many ‘successful’ interventions do we need to be confident that the treatment is having an effect? How many ‘failures’ can we tolerate? Internal validity
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS External validity How many times do we need to replicate the findings in order to be able to generalise?
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS Non-specific treatment effects Attention effects, participant expectations of benefit and demand characteristics of the experimental situation may be particularly problematic in single case designs
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POTENTIAL LIMITATIONS Trends towards change during baseline can make interpretation difficult
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Single case designs are idiographic and yet quantitative. We gain some of the richness and in-depth understanding of qualitative research methods whilst being able to quantify change and maintain a relatively objective stance towards the data and its interpretation CONCLUSION
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