1. Chapter 19 Urbanization

2. Chapter Outline  Preindustrial Cities  Industrialization and Urbanization  Metropolis  Suburbs  Urban Neighborhoods  Segregation in World Perspective  Theories of Urban Impact

3. Urbanization  Migration of people from the countryside to the city.  In 1900 fewer than 40% of Americans and Canadians lived in urban areas.  Today, 79% of Americans and 78% of Canadians are urban residents, and only about 1% live on farms.

4. Preindustrial Cities  Preindustrial cities were small, filthy, disease-ridden, crowded, and disorderly.  They contained no more than 5,000– 10,000 inhabitants.  Large national capitals usually had no more than 40,000 inhabitants and rarely more than 60,000.

5. Population of Major Cities in Preindustrial Europe CityPopulationYear Amsterdam7,4761470 Berlin6,0001450 Brussels19,0581496 Geneva4,2041404 London34,9711377 Paris59,2001292 Pisa9,9401551 Rome55,0351526 Vienna3,8361391

6. Why People Lived in Preindustrial Cities  Cities offered many people a chance to increase their incomes.  Cities offered the prospect of a more interesting and stimulating life.  Cities enticed those in pursuit of “vice.”

7. Urban Migration Year% of U.S. Population Living on farms 182072 189042 191134 192130 193125 19618 19705 19901.9 20001.1

8. The Agricultural Revolution Year Number of persons supplied with farm products by one u.S. Farm worker 18204.1 19007.0 194010.7 195015.5 196025.8 197047.1

9. Changes in Agricultural Productivity, 1800–1980 Wheat180019001980 Hours of labor per acre (yearly) 56.015.02.8 Hours of labor per 100 bushels 373.0108.09.0 Yield per acre (in bushels)15.013.931.4

10. Changes in Agricultural Productivity, 1800–1980 Milk19101980 Hours of labor per cow (yearly) 146.045.0 Hours of labor per 100 pounds of milk 3.80.4 Milk per cow (in pounds) yearly 3,842.011,000.0

11. Two Basic Forms of Modern Metropolises  Fixed-rail metropolis -made the center of the city the focal point.  Freeway metropolis - decentralized the metropolis.

12. Commuting  It takes the average American 25.5 minutes to go from home to work.  76% commute to work alone in their private vehicle.  12% carpool to work.  5% take public transportation to work.  3% walk to work.

13. Average Travel Time From Home to Work in Minutes Average commute time in minutes United States25.5 Selected Cities Atlanta31.1 Chicago31.2 Los Angeles28.7 New York City35.1 Washington, D.C.29.7

14. The Ten Most Segregated U.S. Metropolitan Areas Metropolitan Area20001990 Detroit85.287.2 Gary, Ind.82.888.5 Milwaukee82.482.7 Chicago79.282.9 Cleveland77.682.4 Buffalo77.480.0 Newark77.180.4 New York City74.976.0 Cincinnati74.576.7 St. Louis73.977.3

15. The Ten Least Segregated U.S. Metropolitan Areas Metropolitan Area20001990 Albuquerque28.036.3 Orange County, Calif.31.537.4 Tucson, Ariz.35.139.7 San Jose, Calif.35.439.7 Salt Lake City37.050.4 McAllen, Tex.39.549.5 Phoenix39.548.0 Las Vegas39.651.1 Honolulu40.444.3 Riverside, Calif.42.041.6

16. Gove’s Study of of Crowding  Studied 2,000 homes that varied in the number of persons per room.  The more persons per room, the more people complained of a lack of privacy and of too great demands on them by others.  People responded to crowding by withdrawing physically and emotionally.

17. Gove’s Study of of Crowding  People in crowded homes had poorer mental health.  Members of crowded homes had poor social relations with one another.  Child care in crowded homes was poor.  The effects of crowding began to show up when there was more than one person per room in a household.