1. Techniques for the Future: Continuity versus Accuracy?
Azriel Perel
Professor and Chairman
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel
Antwerpen 2011

2. The speaker cooperates with the following companies
Disclosure
The speaker cooperates with the following companies
BMEYE
FlowSense
Pulsion

3. What are your indicators for volume expansion?

4. Some statements on CO measurement
Cardiac output (CO) is the main determinant of oxygen delivery.
Physical examination and vital signs alone often fail to reflect significant derangements in CO.
Many of our therapeutic efforts are aimed at increasing the CO.
The monitoring of CO is therefore very useful for proper decision-making in critically ill and high-risk surgical patients.

5. It is time to consider CARDIAC OUTPUT as just another vital sign!
The main 2 reasons to measure CO are:
Identification of patients who have low (or high) CO values that are not evident clinically.
Measurement of the response to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
It is time to consider CARDIAC OUTPUT as just another vital sign!

6. Because of the complexity of assessment of clinical variables in septic patients, direct measurement of CO by invasive hemodynamic monitoring is advisable.

7. Perioperative optimization

8. Nexfin NICOM Doppler
PulsioFlex (ProAQT) Vigileo LiDCOrapid

9. Are uncalibrated CO monitors accurate enough to guide therapy?

10. Although PAC, FloTrac, LiDCO and PiCCO display similar mean CO values, they often trend differently in response to therapy and show different inter-device agreement.
In the clinically relevant low CO range (< 5 L/min), agreement improved slightly.
Thus, utility and validation studies using only one CO device may potentially not be extrapolated to equivalency of using another similar device.

11. This study helps to confirm what is already suspected about the reliability of pulse contour devices; that these devices do not track changes in cardiac output reliably.
There is growing evidence that the pulse contour method is not the solution to providing reliable cardiac output monitoring at the bedside.

13. Anesthesia Analgesia 2009, 108:707
When evaluating the role of new CO devices in clinical care, the fundamental question is whether the new device can replace thermodilution CO measurement as a guide to clinical decisions.
Despite the large number of studies evaluating new CO devices, few, if any, answer this fundamental question.

14. Anesthesia Analgesia 2009, 108:707
When evaluating the role of new CO devices in clinical care, the fundamental question is whether the new device can replace thermodilution CO measurement as a guide to clinical decisions.
Despite the large number of studies evaluating new CO devices, few, if any, answer this fundamental question.

15. How should we deal with the inaccuracies and limitations of our monitored parameters?
A. Maximize the information that can be provided by real-time continuous measurements

16. The power of Continuity
The analog signals often contain vital information that is not provided by the digital values.

17. Immediate response to inotropes
When it comes to assessing the response to therapeutic or diagnostic events with short time constants, a continuous real-time CO is more useful and informative than CO measured by intermittent thermodilution.
Fluid loading
Passive leg raising
Immediate response to inotropes

18. A fluid challenge identifies and simultaneously treats volume depletion, whilst avoiding deleterious consequences of fluid overload through its small volume and targeted administration.
The gold standard to monitor the response to a fluid challenge is using a continuous cardiac output monitoring.

20. DO2 = SpHb* SpO2* CO

21. The effects of Preload Modifying Maneuvers on CCO measured by the non-invasive Nexfin methodology compared with TD CO (PAC) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Bubenek S et al (in preparation)

22. Passive leg raise at 10th min gave an increase of cardiac output; volume treatment was started around 30th min and resulted in an increased cardiac output at the end of the recording (NB broken axis). Nexfin CO-trek (blue) accurately followed the changes, albeit with a bias of 0.5 L/min. Nexfin pressure is in green. (Rec-22 of Bubenek) 22

24. The hemodynamic response to a 15-second end-expiratory occlusion can predict volume responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients.

25. ROC curves comparing the ability of the PLR, EEO, PPV and GEDV to predict an increase in cardiac index > 15% induced by the fluid challenge in patients
with low compliance.

26. The power of Continuity

27. Continuous Urinary Output

28. FlowSense Medical FlowSense Medical
Automated urine flow and output monitoring
Early warning of the development of a low flow state
A parameter that reflects adequacy of CO
Guide to fluid management
Fluid loading
Standardized diuretic test

29. Drop in blood pressure

30. Fluid challenge

31. Continuous measurement of blood glucose and lactate
Eirus™ - a novel system which uses microdialysis for continuous measurement of blood glucose and lactate in critically ill patients.

32. The future of hemodynamic monitoring is already here.
Examples include sublingual PCO2, tissue oxygen saturation, and capillary blood flow measured under the tongue.
Such novel monitoring devices may add an extra dimension by allowing real-time assessment of response to therapy and potentially when to stop.

33. Short-term multi-parametric trends offer insights that are not otherwise available

34. The close assessment of continuous physiological analog signals :
Should Receive the recognition that classical Physical Examination has had in medicine for decades
Should be termed Physiological Examination
Should become a part of formal medical training

35. How should we deal with the inaccuracies and limitations of our monitored parameters?
Maximize the information that can be provided by real-time continuous measurement
Beware of protocols, especially those with pre-defined physiological end-points

36. During the first 6 hrs of resuscitation, the goals of initial resuscitation of sepsis-induced hypoperfusion should include all of the following as one part of a treatment protocol:

37. “The reported improved survival following the adoption of these (SSC) Guidelines….cannot be viewed as justification of the initial hemodynamic resuscitation protocol.
Physiologically and clinically this protocol may be wrong for many septic patients.”

38. Attainment of a CVP of >8 mmHg and ScvO2 of >70% did not influence survival in patients with septic shock.
The only early interventions found to be independently associated with survival benefit were timely antibiotics and blood cultures prior to administration (p<0.0001).

40. The sensitivity of a 10% decrease in esophageal Doppler–measured SV in identifying fluid responsiveness was only 37% in our study.
Our data indicate that reductions in SV of >10% as measured by esophageal Doppler can be related to other factors aside from preload.

41. Fluids should be given to increase CO, and inodilators added once the patient is no longer fluid (preload) responsive or not achieving the goals:
CI > 4.5 L/min/m2
DO2I ≥ 600 ml/min/m2
When striving to achieve a pre-defined level of CO, one has to use an ACCURATE device!

42. No monitoring device can improve patient-centered outcomes unless it is coupled to a treatment that improves outcome.

43. Takala et al
Minimally-invasive CO monitoring added to usual care does not facilitate early hemodynamic stabilization in the ICU, nor does it alter the hemodynamic support or outcome.

44. How should we deal with the inaccuracies and limitations of our monitored parameters?
Maximize the information that can be provided by real-time continuous measurement
Beware of protocols, especially those with pre-defined physiological end-points
Adopt a multi-parametric approach when making a potentially critical decision

45. Since the cardiopulmonary status is often very complex, and since no hemodynamic parameter is perfect, a multi-parametric approach may reduce the chance of erroneous decisions.

46. The limitations of cardiac output
The optimal CO for an individual patient is difficult to assess.
A low CO does not tell us WHAT to do.
A ‘normal’ or even high CO does not preclude the presence of inadequate regional and microcirculatory flow.

47. Because of the complexity of assessment of clinical variables in septic patients, direct measurement of CO by invasive hemodynamic monitoring is advisable, but other end-points of global perfusion (e.g., SVO2) should be followed as well.

48. Clinical examination, vital signs, urine output, Hb, lactate...
Preload &
Fluid responsiveness
Cardiac Output
EVLW
ScvO2
dP/dT, CFI, GEF, PVPI

49. How should we deal with the inaccuracies and limitations of our monitored parameters?
Maximize the information that can be provided by real-time continuous measurement
Beware of protocols, especially those with pre-defined physiological end-points
Adopt a multi-parametric approach when making a potentially critical decision
Adopt decision-making strategies that take into account the uncertainty of our measurements

50. The gray zone approach applied to PPV for
prediction of fluid responsiveness (FR) identifies a range of PPV values (9%-13%) for which FR cannot be reliably predicted in 25% of mechanically ventilated patients during GA .

52. Using the “gray zone” findings, the authors defined 2 opposing fluid management strategies according to the individual risk:
Tight fluid control: Excessive fluid loading would be 2 times more deleterious than non-optimal CO maximization (cost ratio=2); The gray zone for PPV was 11–14%.
Liberal fluid control: Non-maximized CO would be 2 times more deleterious than an excessive fluid loading (cost ratio=0.5); The gray zone for PPV was 8–11%.
In a situation where fluid overload may be particularly deleterious, higher-than-normal PPV values should serve as indication for fluid administration.

53. A therapeutic approach that targets and attempts to normalize abnormal physiological variables may be hazardous because of
Ignoring the underlying problem
Inducing harm
Ablation of physiological benefit
Generation of associated errors
Training effect (certain interventions that may seem to make sense from past experience may ultimately be detrimental when used in an alternative context)

54. Therapeutic Conflicts
A therapeutic conflict is a situation where each of the possible therapeutic decisions carries some potential harm.
In high-risk patients, the decision about fluid administration should be done within the context of a therapeutic conflict.
Therapeutic conflicts are a the biggest challenge for protocolized CV management in anesthetized and critically ill patients.
A therapeutic conflict is where our decisions can make the most difference.

55. ≥ ≤
RIGHT WRONG WRONG RIGHT A B ?

56. An old patient with chronic heart failure, sepsis, severe respiratory failure and hemodynamic instability. CO
1.8 l/min
Low
ITBVi
600 ml/m2
EVLWi
15 ml/kg
High
SVV
25-30%

57. Question 4: What would you do now?
Fluids
Inotropes
Vasopressors
Diuretics
I need more information
Please vote now!

59. Persistent hypovolemic shock Worsening of pulmonary edema≥ X
Inotropes
Fluids
Fluids ?
EVLW
Cumulative fluid balance

60. Conclusions:
We have to recognize that ALL our measurements are a lot less informative and accurate than we may want (or think)
Continuity of measurement offers vital insights which may be hidden in the analog signals of our monitors
“Physiological Examination” - observing multiple parameters on the monitor in real time - should be considered to be (at least) as important as the classic “Physical Examination”
Beware of protocolized care that is based on pre-defined specific ”goals”
The future depends not only on new technologies but also on our recognition of the complexities of hemodynamic monitoring

61. If you meet the Buddha on the road, kill him!
Sheldon Kopp
Lowe & Brydon 1974
We must live within the ambiguity of partial freedom, partial power, and partial knowledge.
All important decisions must be made on the basis of insufficient data.
Yet we are responsible for everything we do.
No excuses will be accepted.
Thank you for your attention!