2. Network Protocols ©Richard L. Goldman September 18, 2001

3. Protocol A common set of rules that defines how two devices will communicate with each other. Protocols Define: –Syntax Format of the data Coding schemes used –Semantics Connection and error handling control –Timing Speed and sequence A Group of protocols that work together is called a protocol suite or protocol stack.

4. Routable vs. Non-Routable Protocols Non-routable protocols –Can only transfer data between devices within a single LAN. –Use hardware address (MAC) –Operate at the Data Link layer Routable protocols –Can transfer data between different LANs –Use logical addresses –Operate at the Network layer

5. Common LAN Network Protocols TCP/IP –Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol IPX/SPX –Internetwork Packet Exchange/Sequence Packet Exchange (Novell) NetBIOS –Network Basic Input Output System NetBEUI –NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface AppleTalk –Apple Macintosh Computers

6. Transmission Media Each protocol must use some type of transmission media to communicate with other devices on the network. Common Transmission media: –Category Cable (Cat.1-7) –Coaxial Cable –Fiber optic Cable –Microwave –SSR (Spread Spectrum Radio) –Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) – IEEE 802.11b –PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) –DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) –ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) –ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) –FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) - WAN

7. Local Area Networking Technology The LAN network technology controls how the data is electrically transmitted on the particular media of a LAN. The protocols for LAN network technology are contained within the ROMs of network devices such as a NIC used in a personal computer. Common Networking technology: –Ethernet –Token Ring

8. Interconnection Protocols X-ON/X-OFF –X-ON when ready to receive –X-OFF when not ready to receive –No error detection Xmodem –File transfer protocol –Uses Stop-and-Wait ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) –Half-duplex Kermit –File transfer protocol –PC to mainframe (Both PC and mainframe must run Kermit) –Asynchronous –Uses CRC X.PC –Converts asynchronous data into packets for X.25 networks

9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

10. TCP/IP TCP/IP is a routable protocol. Routable protocol alow data to be routed to computers on different networks. TCP/IP is the protocol of the Internet and is used by networks that want to directly access to the Internet.

11. OSI Model Software Hardware 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical DoD - ARPAnet Software Hardware 4 Process /Application 3 Host-to-Host 2 Internet 1 Network Access TCP/IP Software Hardware 4 Application 3 Transport 2 Internet 1 Network Access TCP/IP is a 4 level protocol that was patterned after the DoD protocol used in the ARPAnet network.

12. Common TCP/IP Subprotocols and Services TCP UDP IP FTP TFTP HTTP POP SMTP NNTP ARP RARP SNMP ICMP IGMP Telnet DNS DHCP Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol Internet Protocol File Transfer Protocol Trivial File Transfer Protocol Hypertext Transport Protocol Post Office Protocol Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Network News Transfer Protocol Address Resolution Protocol Reverse Address Resolution Protocol Simple Network Management Protocol Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Group Management Protocol Terminal Emulation Domain Name System Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

13. The TCP/IP subprotocols each perform specific functions that can be mapped to the layers of the OSI model

14. TCP/IP Subprotocols OSI Model 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical TCP/IP Application FTPDNS TFTP NNTP SMTPSNMP POP Telnet HTTP TransportTCPUDP InternetIPARP ICMPIGMP Network Access Ethernet PPPSLIP Token Ring Cat 1-7CoaxDSL etc.

15. TCP/IP Example #1 – Internet Browser on Ethernet Network OSI Model 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical TCP/IP 4 Application 3 Transport 2 Internet 1 Network Access Internet Explorer HTTP (Port 80) TCP IP Cat-5 Ethernet

16. TCP/IP Example #2 – E-mail on Ethernet Network OSI Model 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical TCP/IP 4 Application 3 Transport 2 Internet 1 Network Access Outlook SMTP POP (Port 25) (Port 110) TCP IP Cat-5 Ethernet

17. TCP/IP Example #3 – File Transfer over DSL OSI Model 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical TCP/IP 4 Application 3 Transport 2 Internet 1 Network Access Internet Explorer FTP (Port 20) (Port 21) Data Control TCP IP DSL PPP

18. SPX/IPX Protocol Suite

19. IPX/SPX is a routable protocol developed by Novell for Netware networks. While IPX/SPX is routable, it is not supported by the Internet and can only be used within private networks. IPX/SPX uses NetBIOS to perform Session layer functions.

20. IPX/SPX Subprotocols and Services SPX IPX SAP NCP NetBIOS RIP Sequence Packet Exchange Internetwork Packet Exchange Service Advertising Protocol Netware Core Protocol Network Basic Input Output System Routing Information Protocol

21. IPX/SPX OSI Model Software Hardware 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical IPX/SPX Software Hardware NCP SAP RIP IPX NetBIOS Transmission Protocol & Media Novell’s IPX/SPX uses NetBIOS to complete its suite of protocols. SPX

22. NetBIOS/NetBEUI Protocols

23. NetBIOS/NetBEUI NetBIOS NetBEUI Network Basic Input Output System NetBIOS Enhanced User Interface

24. NetBIOS & NetBEUI OSI Model Software Hardware 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical NetBIOS & NetBEUI Software Hardware Transmission Protocol & Media NetBEUI NetBIOS

25. AppleTalk Protocol Suite

26. AppleTalk Apple’s protocol used to network Apple Macintosh computers Apple printers. Very slow and only suited for small networks. Designed to runs over Apple’s LocalTalk network (230Kbps). Versions of AppleTalk are available to run on other types of networks: –Ethernet (EtherTalk) –Token ring (TokenTalk) –FDDI (FDDITalk). Windows NT, Novel NetWare, have services to support AppleTalk.

27. AppleTalk Subprotocols AFP ASP ATP NBP RTMP ZIP DDP Apple Share AppleTalk Filing Protocol AppleTalk Session Protocol Appletalk Transaction Protocol Name Binding Protocol Routing Table Maintenance Protocol Zone Information Protocol Datagram Delivery Protocol

28. OSI Model Software Hardware 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical AppleTalk Software Hardware Apple Share AFP ASP ATP - NBP, RTMP, ZIP DDP LocalTalk

29. Review - PC Networking Protocols OSI Model Software Hardware 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5- Session 4 - Transport 3 - Network 2 - Data Link 1 - Physical DoD - ARPAnet Software Hardware 4 Process /Application 3 Host-to-Host 2 Internet 1 Network Access TCP/IP Software Hardware 4 Application 3 Transport 2 Internet 1 Network Access IPX/SPX Software Hardware NCP SAP RIP IPX NetBIOS Transmission Protocol & Media SPX NetBIOS & NetBEUI Software Hardware Transmission Protocol & Media NetBEUI NetBIOS AppleTalk Software Hardware Apple Share AFP ASP ATP DDP LocalTalk

30. Mainframe Protocols

31. Types of Mainframe Protocols Mainframe networking uses very different kinds of protocols and are not mapped to the OSI model. The three main types of mainframe protocols are: –Character-oriented –Byte-count oriented –Bit-oriented

32. Character-oriented Protocol Synchronous block transmission Half-duplex Uses 8-bit byte control characters ACK+AcknowledgementSTX Start of Text NAK -AcknowledgementSOH Start of Header ENQ EnquiryETX End of Text DLE Data Link EscapeETB End of Transmission Block SYN SynchronizationEOT End of Transmission BSC (BISCYNC) –Binary Synchronous Communications protocol –Industry standard – IBM

33. Byte-count Oriented Protocol Improvement on BNC Add a header to each block with control information Eliminates need for ACK Eliminates transparency problems DDCMP –Digital Data Communication Message Protocol

34. Bit-oriented Protocols Uses a strictly defined frame with each bit in each field containing specific information. Supports half-duplex and full-duplex networks

35. Bit-oriented Protocols - List SDLC –Synchronous Data Link Control - IBM BDLC –Burroughs Data Link Control UDLC –Universal Data Link Control - Sperry CDCDLC –Control Data Corporation Data Link Control HDLC –High-Level Data Link Control – ISO Standard ADCCP –Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure – ANSI Standard X.400 and X.500 –E-mail message and directory services TCP/IP –Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol X.25 –Packet switching – analog circuits