1-1 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Financial Accounting Needles, Powers & Crosson Financial & Managerial Accounting2002e.

1-3 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1.Define accounting, identify business goals and activities, and describe the role of accounting in making informed decisions. 2.Identify the many users of accounting information in society. 3.Explain the importance of business transactions, money measure, and separate entity to accounting measurement. 4.Describe the corporate form of business organization.

1-4 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 5.Define financial position, state the accounting equation, and show how they are affected by simple transactions. 6.Identify the four basic financial statements. 7.State the relationship of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to financial statements and the independent CPA’s report, and identify the organizations that influence GAAP. 8.Define ethics and describe the ethical responsibilities of accountants. LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued) LEARNING OBJECTIVES (continued)

1-5 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Accounting as an Information System OBJECTIVE 1 Define accounting, identify business goals and activities, and describe the role of accounting in making informed decisions.

1-6 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Today’s accountant focuses on the ultimate needs of decision makers who use accounting information, whether those decision makers are inside or outside the business.

1-7 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Today’s accountant focuses on the ultimate needs of decision makers who use accounting information, whether those decision makers are inside or outside the business. u Accounting “is not an end in itself,” but is an information system that measures, processes, and communicates financial information about an identifiable economic entity.

1-8 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Accounting provides a vital service by supplying the information decision makers need to make reasoned choices among alternative uses of scarce resources in the conduct of business and economic activities.

1-9 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Accounting is a link between business activities and decision makers. 4 Accounting measures business activities by recording data about them for future use. 4 The data are stored until needed and then processed to become useful information.

1-11 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u The information is communicated, through reports, to decision makers. u Data about business activities are the input to the accounting system and useful information for decision makers is the output.

1-14 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Business Goals, Activities, and Performance Measures u A business is an economic unit that aims to sell goods and services to customers at prices that will provide an adequate return to its owners. u Businesses, though diverse, have similar goals and engage in similar activities.

1-15 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Business Goals 1. Profitability. A business must take in enough money to pay all the costs of doing business, with enough left over as profit for the owners to want to stay in business. 2. Liquidity. A business must have enough funds available to pay debts when they are due.

1-17 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1.Financing Activities. n Obtaining capital from owners and creditors. n Repaying creditors and a return to owners. 2.Investing Activities. n Spending the capital it receives in ways that are productive and will help the business achieve its objectives. n Buying and selling assets to be used in the business. Business Activities

1-18 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Business Activities (continued) 3.Operating Activities. n Selling of goods and services to customers. n Employing managers and workers, buying and producing goods and services, and paying taxes.

1-19 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Indicate whether or not managers are achieving the business goals and if they are managing business activities well. u Performance measures include: 4 Earned income. 4 Cash flow. 4 Ratio of expenses to revenues. 4 Ratio of money owed to total resources controlled. u Managers should understand these measures. Performance Measures

1-20 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Performance measures must align with business goals: Performance Measures Financing performance level. Ratio of money owed to total resources controlled. Operating performance level. Ratio of expenses to revenues. Liquidity. Cash flow. Profitability.Earned income. GoalPerformance Measure Managers should understand and be motivated by these measures.

1-21 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Financial and Management Accounting u Accounting’s role of assisting decision makers by measuring, processing, and communicating information is usually divided into two categories: 1.Management accounting. 2.Financial accounting. u The two may be distinguished by the principal users of their information.

1-22 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Is oriented toward the needs of internal decision makers. u Provides managers and employees with information regarding how they have done in the past and what they can expect in the future. Management Accounting

1-23 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Is oriented toward the needs of external decision makers. u Provides information in the form of financial statements so that external decision makers can evaluate how well the business has achieved its goals. u Financial statements report directly on the goals of profitability and liquidity. 4 Financial statements are used extensively both inside and outside a business to evaluate the business’s success. Financial Accounting

1-24 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Processing Accounting Information 4 Bookkeeping is the mechanical and repetitive process of recording financial transactions and keeping financial records. 4 Bookkeeping is a small part of accounting. 4 Accounting includes the design of an information system that meets user’s needs. 4 Accounting goals are the analysis, interpretation, and use of information. u Accounting versus bookkeeping

1-26 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Computers are used extensively in accounting as a tool for the accountant. u A business’s many information needs are organized into a Management Information System (MIS). 4 An MIS consists of various interconnected subsystems. 4 The Accounting Information System (AIS) is the most important subsystem.

1-27 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. What is the difference between profitability and liquidity? A. u Profitability means earning enough income to attract and hold investment capital. u Liquidity means being able to pay debts when they fall due. Discussion

1-30 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u The people who use accounting information to make decisions fall into three categories. 1.Management. 2.Outside users with a direct financial interest. 3.People, organizations, and agencies with an indirect financial interest. u These categories apply both to profit-oriented ventures as well as government and not-for-profit organizations. Decision Makers

1-31 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Requires financial information to carry out its basic functions. 1. Financing the business. 2. Investing the resources of the business. 3. Producing goods and services. 4. Marketing goods and services. 5. Managing employees. 6. Providing information to decision makers. Management

1-33 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Tax Authorities. u Regulatory Agencies. u Labor Unions. u Customers & Consumer Groups. u Investment Advisors u The Financial Media u Economic Planners. People, Organizations, and Agencies with an Indirect Financial Interest

1-34 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. Which decision makers use accounting information? A. Three groups of decision makers use accounting information. 1.Those who manage a business. 2.Those outside a business enterprise who have a direct financial interest in the business. 3.Those people, organizations, and agencies that have an indirect financial interest in the business. Discussion

1-35 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Accounting Measurement OBJECTIVE 3 Explain the importance of business transactions, money measure, and separate entity to accounting measurement.

1-36 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Four Basic Questions 1.What is measured? 2.When should the measurement be made? 3.What value should be placed on what is measured? 4.How should what is measured be classified?

1-37 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Business transactions as the object of measurement. u Business transactions are economic events that effect the financial position of a business entity. 4 Transactions are the raw material of accounting reports. 4 Transactions must relate directly to a business entity. What Is Measured?

1-38 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Money Measure. 4 Money is the only factor common to all business transactions. 4 The monetary unit a business uses depends on the country in which the business resides. 4 Exchange rates translate one currency to another.

1-39 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Money Measure. 4 Money is the only factor common to all business transactions. 4 The monetary unit a business uses depends on the country in which the business resides. 4 Exchange rates translate one currency to another. u The Concept of Separate Entity. 4 A business is a separate entity, distinct from its creditors and customers and from its owner or owners.

1-40 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. Tell whether each of the following words or phrases relates most closely to a: (a) business transaction, (b) separate entity, or (c) money measure. 1. Partnership 2. U.S. dollar 3. Payment of an expense 4. Corporation 5. Sale of an asset Discussion

1-41 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1. Partnership: (b) 2. U.S. dollar: (c) 3. Payment of an expense: (a) 4. Corporation: (b) 5. Sale of an asset: (a) KEY (a) business transaction (b) separate entity (c) money measure A.

1-44 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Sole Proprietorships Owned by one person. Records should be kept separate from owner’s personal interests. Legally same economic unit as owner. Unlimited liability. Ends when owner wants it to, or owner dies.

1-45 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Partnerships More than one owner. Unincorporated association, not legally separate from owners. Unlimited liability. Mutual agency, any partner can bind all partners to a contract. Ends when ownership changes, e.g partner leaves or dies.

1-46 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Corporations One or more owners (stockholders.) Legally separate entity from owners. Owners can be separate from managers. Limited liability. Unlimited life.

1-49 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Organization of a Corporation To form a corporation, articles of incorporation must be filed with and approved by the state. Stockholders are the owners of the corporation. The Board of Directors is elected by the stockholders to set policies and choose officers. Management consists of operating officers who carry out the policies and run day-to-day operations.

1-50 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. How do sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations differ? A. u A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one individual. u A partnership is similar in most respects to a proprietorship except that more than one owner is involved. u A corporation is an economic unit that is legally separate from its owners. Discussion

1-51 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Financial Position and the Accounting Equation OBJECTIVE 5 Define financial position, state the accounting equation, and show how they are affected by simple transactions.

1-53 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Assets are economic resources owned by a business that are expected to benefit future operations. 4 Monetary items. 4 Nonmonetary physical things. 4 Nonphysical items Assets

1-54 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Liabilities u Liabilities are the present obligations of a business to pay cash, transfer assets, or provide services to other entities in the future. u Liabilities are debts recognized by law. Creditors must be paid before stockholders.

1-55 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Owner’s equity represents the claims by the owners of a business to the assets of the business. u Owner’s equity is the residual equity that remains after deducting liabilities from assets. u OE = Assets - Liabilities. u Assets = Liabilities + OE Owner’s Equity

1-56 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Contributed Capital The amount invested in the business by stockholders Typically, it comprises par value stock and additional paid-in-capital

1-57 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Retained Earnings Equity generated from the income-producing activities and kept for use in the business. Revenues and Expenses Increases and decreases in equity that result from operating a business Dividends Distributions to stockholders of assets (usually cash) generated by past earnings.

1-61 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The owner invests $50,000 ASSETS OE Cash Capital Assets = $50,000; L+OE = $50,000 Beg. Bal. T1. End. Bal. $ 0 50,000 $50,000 $ 0 50,000 $50,000

1-62 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T2 - Purchases land and Building for $35,000 Assets = $50,000; L+OE = $50,000 ASSETS Cash Land Bldg. Beg. Bal.$50,000$ 0$ 0 T2. -35,000+10,000+25,000 End. Bal.$15,000$10,000$25,000

1-63 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T3. Purchase of Supplies on account Assets = $50,500; L+OE= $50,500 ASSETSLIABILITIES Supplies A/P Beg. Bal. $ 0 $ 0 T3. +500 +500 End. Bal. $500 $500

1-64 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T4. Payment of a Liability with Cash Assets = $50,300; L+OE = $50,300 ASSETSLIABILITIES Cash A/P $15,000 - 200 $14,800 Beg. Bal. T4. End. Bal. $500 -200 $300

1-65 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T5. Revenues Earned - Commission That Was Paid in Cash Assets = $51,800; L+OE = $51,800 ASSETS SE Cash R/E Beg. Bal $14,800 $ 0 T5. + 1,500 +1,500 End. Bal. $16,300 $1,500

1-66 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T6. Revenues Earned -Commission with Deferred Receipt Assets = $53,800; L+SE = $53,800 ASSETS OE A/R Beg. Bal $ 0 $1,500 T6. +2,000 +2,000 End. Bal. $2,000 $3,500

1-67 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T7. Collection of Accounts Receivable Assets = $53,800; L+SE = $53,800 ASSETS Cash A/R Beg. Bal.$16,300$2,000 T7.+ 1,000- 1,000 End. Bal.$17,300$1,000

1-68 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T8. Paid Equipment Rental Expense T9. Paid Wages Expense with Cash Assets = $52,400; L+SE = $52,400 ASSETS OE Cash Beg. Bal $ 17,300 $3,500 T8. - 1,000 -1,000 T9. - 400 - 400 End. Bal. $15,900 $2,100

1-69 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T10. Paid Utility Expense Incurring a Current Liability Assets = $52,400; L+OE = $52,400 A/P O/E Beg. Bal. $300 $2,100 T10. +300 - 300 End. Bal. $600 $1,800

1-70 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. T11. Paid Dividends with Cash Assets = $51,800; L+OE = $51,800 ASSETS OE Cash Beg. Bal $15,900 $1,800 T11. - 600 - 600 End. Bal. $15,300 $1,200

1-71 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. Define financial position. A. Financial position refers to the economic resources that belong to a company and the claims against those resources at a point in time. Discussion

1-73 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Importance of Financial Statements u Financial statements are the primary means of communicating important accounting information to users. u Financial statements represent models of the business enterprise because they show the business in financial terms. u Financial statements are not perfect pictures of the real thing.

1-74 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Income Statement u Summarizes revenues earned expenses incurred over a period of time. u Is considered by many to be the most important financial report because it shows whether or not a business achieved its profitability goal of earning an acceptable income.

1-75 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. [Entity] Shannon Realty [Title] Income Statement [Period] For the Month Ended December 31, 19xx Trace to Statement of Owner’s Equity Revenues Commissions Earned$3,500 Expenses Equipment Rental$1,000 Wages 400 Utilities 300 Total Expenses$1,700 Net Income$1,800 Compare with page 25 in text - this is for a proprietorship

1-78 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Balance Sheet u Shows financial position at a point in time. u Is often called the statement of financial position. u Presents a view of the business as the holder of resources, or assets, that are equal to the claims against those assets.

1-79 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty Balance Sheet As of December 31, 19xx ASSETS Cash$15,300 A/R 1,000 Supplies 500 Land 10,000 Building 25,000 Total Assets $51,800

1-80 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty Balance Sheet As of December 31, 19xx LIABILITIES A/P $ 600 OWNER’S EQUITY Capital, Shannon $51,200 Total OE 51,200 Total Liabilities and SE $51,800

1-81 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Statement of Cash Flows u Focuses on a company’s liquidity goal. u Shows cash produced by operating a business as well as important financing and investing transactions that take place during an accounting period. u Is derived from the income statement and balance sheet. u Is directly related to the other three statements.

1-82 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended December 31, 19xx Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net Income$1,800 Noncash Expenses and Revenues Included in Income Increase in A/R$(1,000) Increase in Supplies (500) Increase in A/P 600 (900) Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities $900

1-84 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended December 31, 19xx Cash Flows from Financing Activities Trace to Balance Sheet

1-85 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Contributed Capital The amount invested in the business by stockholders Typically, it comprises par value stock and additional paid-in-capital

1-86 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Retained Earnings Equity generated from the income-producing activities and kept for use in the business. Revenues and Expenses Increases and decreases in equity that result from operating a business Dividends Distributions to stockholders of assets (usually cash) generated by past earnings.

1-90 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty, Inc. Income Statement For the Month Ended December 31, 20xx Revenues Commissions Earned$3,500 Expenses Equipment RentalExpense$1,000 Wages Expense 400 Utilities Expense 300 Total Expenses$1,700 Net Income$1,800 There is no difference. However, if there had been income taxes it would have been shown on this statement. A corporation pays taxes a proprietorship does not, the income is included with all other income of the proprietor. The name includes Inc. which is an abbreviation for Incorporated

1-91 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Statement of Retained Earnings Shows the change in the owners’ capital over a period of time. A proprietorship does not have this statement. The Statement of Owner’s Equity serves the same purpose.

1-92 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty, Inc. Statement of Retained Earnings For the Month Ended December 31, 20xx Retained Earnings, 12/1/xx $ 0 Net Income for the Month 1,800 Subtotal $ 1,800 LessDividends 600 Retained Earnings, 12/31/xx $1,200

1-93 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty, Inc. Balance Sheet December 31, 20xx Assets Cash$15,300 Accounts Receivable 1,000 Supplies 500 Land 10,000 Building 25,000 Total Assets$51,800 Liabilities Accounts Payable $600 Stockholders’ Equity Common Stock $50,000 Retained Earnings 1,200 Total Stockholders’ 51,200 Equity Total Liabilities and $51,800 Stockholders’ Equity The Stockholders are the owners The Common Stock account represents what they paid the corporation for their stock --- investment by owner. Retained earnings represents Net Income (Loss) since incorporating less all dividends since incorporating.

1-94 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty, Inc. Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended December 31, 20xx Cash Flows from Operating Activities Net Income$1,800 Noncash Expenses and Revenues Included in Income Increase in Accounts Receivable$(1,000) Increase in Supplies (500) Increase in Accounts Payable 600 (900) Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities $900 The Cash Flow Statement is the same!

1-95 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty, Inc. Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended December 31, 20xx (continued…) Purchase of Land($10,000) Purchase of Building (25,000) Net Cash Flows from Investing Activities (35,000) Cash Flows from Investing Activities

1-96 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Shannon Realty, Inc. Statement of Cash Flows For the Month Ended December 31, 20xx (continued…) Cash Flows from Financing Activities Investments byStockholders $50,000 Dividends (600) Net Cash Flows from Financing Activities 49,400 Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash $15,300 Cash at Beginning of Month 0 Cash at End of Month $15,300

1-97 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. Why is the balance sheet sometimes called the statement of financial position? A. Financial position consists of the economic resources that belong to a business and the claims against those resources as of a certain date. This is the information shown on the balance sheet. Discussion

1-98 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles OBJECTIVE 7 State the relationship of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to financial statements and the independent CPA’s report, and identify the organizations that influence GAAP.

1-99 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Focus on understandability of financial statements. u Encompass the conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)

1-100 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. u Financial statements are prepared by management and may be biased. u Financial statements are audited by independent CPAs. u An audit ascertains that the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Financial Statements, GAAP, and the Independent CPA’s Report

1-102 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. What are GAAP? A. GAAP are generally accepted accounting principles; they are the “conventions, rules, and procedures necessary to define accepted accounting practice at a particular time.” Discussion

1-103 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. Why are GAAP important to readers of financial statements? A. GAAP ensure that the financial statements will be understandable to their users. Discussion

1-105 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. What Are Professional Ethics? u A code of conduct that applies to the practice of a profession. u Code of conduct adopted by the AICPA and each state. 4 Responsibility to the public. 4 Integrity. 4 Objectivity. 4 Independence. 4 Due care.

1-106 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Code of Professional Conduct u Competency. u Confidentiality. u Integrity. u Avoidance of conflicts of interest. u Communication of information objectively and without bias.

1-107 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Q. Discuss the importance of professional ethics in the accounting profession. A. Professional ethics forms a code of conduct that applies to the practice of a profession. As members of a profession, accountants have a responsibility, not only to their employers and clients but also to society as a whole, to uphold the highest ethical standards. Discussion

1-108 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1.Define accounting, identify business goals and activities, and describe the role of accounting in making informed decisions. 2.Identify the many users of accounting information in society. 3.Explain the importance of business transactions, money measure, and separate entity to accounting measurement. OK, LET’S REVIEW...

1-109 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 4.Identify the three basic forms of business organization. 5.Define financial position, state the accounting equation, and show how they are affected by simple transactions. 6.Identify the four basic financial statements. CONTINUING OUR REVIEW...

1-110 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 7.State the relationship of generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to financial statements and the independent CPA’s report, and identify the organizations that influence GAAP. 8.Define ethics and describe the ethical responsibilities of accountants. AND FINALLY...

1-1 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Financial Accounting Needles, Powers & Crosson Financial & Managerial Accounting2002e.

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1-1 Copyright  Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Financial Accounting Needles, Powers & Crosson Financial & Managerial Accounting2002e.

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