1. Opportunities for Restoring Second Growth Ecosystems in Staney Creek: Scientific Principles

2. Acknowledgements U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station Tongass National Forest, Thorne Bay Ranger District The Nature Conservancy Funding provided by: Fieldwork and analysis: Dee Casey, Kim Hastings, Mike Ausman

3. First Some History Its hard to know where you are going or where to go if you don’t know where you have been!

4. Staney Creek 1976

5. What Made Staney Creek so Special in the 1970’s? Large concentration of high timber volume Easy accessibility with new road system High value watershed for fisheries and wildlife (and recreation)

6. Unique disturbance ecology: Exposure to very infrequent but high intensity winds

7. Implications of Disturbance Series of high wind events led to establishment of many high-volume even- aged forests- with exceptional economic value These same ecological factors led to challenges in controlling wind damage to residual stands and ultimately led to large clearcuts

8. Staney Creek 2009: extensive older second growth forests

9. Forest Resource Issues Created by Second-Growth Secondary forests provide poor habitat for many wildlife species Poor connectivity between high elevation forest and critical winter range for wildlife Economic costs and ecological implications of roads Economics of wood utilization Riparian habitat degradation

10. Wildlife habitat in forests Vegetation structure Habitat Connectivity Forage quality Microclimate and soils/geology Primarily a function of:

11. Vaccinium parvifolium

13. Shaheen Creek Greatest overall structural diversity and understory Development usually found in old-growth habitats

14. Older Secondary Forests provide poor habitat because: Little browse (Vaccinium spp.) Poor cover by nutrient-rich forbs Less structural diversity Dense canopies provide little light at understory level

15. Key challenges for forest understory plants Low or variable sunlight Less thermal energy during day Little wind for pollen/seed dispersal Competition with trees for nutrients and moisture Few “safe sites” for establishment of new seedlings

16. Lots of other examples of managed forests providing poor habitat - but effects transient Scots pine plantation

18. 30 years 40 years 130 yrs 400 yrs

19. Alaback (1982)

20. If shade and tree density is the problem then is thinning the solution?

26. Problems with fix-spaced thinning Transient response (10-15 years) Greatest effect in intermediate spacings (10-14’) Older stands with poor shrub response

27. Present Condition and Trends Dense older second growth forest dominates watershed which constrains wildlife habitat for many key species Without management treatments it is unlikely that wildlife habitats will change for at least 50 years Residual old growth forest patches of key importance Thinning can improve habitat, but effects are transient

28. Photo: Mike Ausman

29. Desired Future Conditions Improve wildlife habitat Increase overall biodiversity Increase landscape connectivity Increase economic value of forest and opportunities for niche markets

30. How can we best restore understory biodiversity to second-growth forests? 1.Provide more resources through fixed-spaced thinning 2.Create a more heterogenous environment through variable spaced thinning or canopy gaps 3.Some combination of these approaches?

31. Biodiversity Resources (light, nutrients) Habitat heterogeneity Landscape connectivity Evolutionary Diversification & history

32. Biodiversity Resources (light, nutrients) Habitat heterogeneity Landscape connectivity Evolutionary diversification & history

33. Plant species richness closely predicted at regional scales From energy availability (actual evapotranspiration) (Currie 1999 Am. Nat.)

34. Managementhomogeneity Natural disturbanceheterogeneity

35. Why what works for carrots may not work as well for forest ecosystem biodiversity

37. Dipterocarp tropical rainforest Indonesia (S. Siebert) Gap dynamics in tropical Rainforests -- helps explain High diversity (Orians 1981)

38. Small canopy gaps: Dominant disturbance Regime: 1-4/trees, 1-4% per year: Creates stand heterogeneity (Ott & Juday 2002)

39. Extreme landscape heterogeneity

40. How does thinning affect habitat heterogeneity in these forests? Compared fixed-spaced thinning and diameter- limit thinning on well and poorly-drained sites Evaluated initial effects on canopy & understory structure Alaback & Casey, ms.

41. Effects of thinning on spatial structure

43. Following thinning: Enhanced or suppressed structural heterogeneity depending on initial stand condition Diameter-limit approach may enhance heterogeneity, but more replication is needed to determine generality of this result

44. Direct enhancement of heterogeneity: canopy gaps Canopy gaps established from 30’ to 150’ in diameter in critical wildlife habitat areas Effects contrasted with thinned and unthinned forest landscapes Summers 2008-9 measured 20 year response to treatments on 75 sites

45. CANOPY GAP THINNED FOREST Photos: Mike Ausman

46. CANOPY GAP UNTHINNED FOREST Photos: Mike Ausman

47. 20-Year Understory Response to Gap Treatments (2008 data only)

48. Restoration of understory biodiversity a difficult and long-term task Thinning alone will not restore diversity or function Canopy gaps show more consistent results than thinning The most promising approach is to combine thinning and gap treatments at the stand and landscape scale and tailor for management goals

49. The Olympic Model of Second Growth Management Goal is to create complex multi-canopy layer forest that provides habitat for old-growth dependent wildlife species Create control (unthinned) patches as cover habitats, and for species that grow in shade Create matrix of thinned forest Establish canopy gaps within the thinned matrix Provide greatest habitat patch diversity at stand scale and greatest species diversity within gap treatments (after Harrington et al. 2005)

50. Canopy gap Skip Thinned matrix The “Olympic Model” After Harrington et al. 2005

51. Shaheen Creek Old growth always will be distinct from managed second growth

52. Key Points Staney Watershed dominated by second growth with poor wildlife habitat values Biological value of forests can be significantly enhanced through thinning and canopy gaps Effects of thinning are transitory, but canopy gaps have longer-term effect Residual old growth forests play key role in landscape diversity Greatest promise lies in combining treatments at both stand and landscape scales to promote both wildlife habitat diversity and a diversity of other resource benefits