2. Workshop #4 Stennis Space Center January 7,2006 Introduction to Pneumatics

3. Overview Methods of Power Transmission Pneumatics Systems Pneumatics Principles Parts Pneumatic Actuators Force Principles Solenoid Valves Advantages

4. Methods of Power Transmission Electrical Motors Mechanical power transmission elements Fluid Power Hydraulics Oil, Water, other liquids Pneumatics Air, other gases

5. Electric Motors Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical Electric motors used in First kit Chipahua/CIM Motor Window Motor Van Door Motor Fisher-Price/Mabuchi Motor Globe Motor

6. Mechanical Power transmission elements Gears Belts Chains Bearings Couplings

7. Mechanical Power transmission using gears

8. Pneumatics Systems

9. Pneumatics Definitions Pneumatics is the general term used to describe the mechanics of gases Pneumatics, derived from the Greek word pneumatikos, meaning coming from the windGreek It is the branch of science which treats the mechanical properties of air and other elastic fluids used to do work

10. Pneumatic Principles compressor reservoir tank solenoid valve cylinder hose

11. Pneumatics Compressor Accumulators Actuators Source of Air Flow –Driven by electric motor Provides the energy to perform the work Reservoir tank - Energy Storage Devices Cylinders convert energy in the compressed air pressure to linear power. Make things move Linear Rotary

12. Pneumatics Connectors tubing Pressure regulators Valves 2-way 3-way 4-way Plumbing- connectors -flexible tube Pressure control -controls the force of the actuator Control direction of flow

13. Compressor Thomas industries 12 volt system Generates pressure of 120 psi Compact Vibration isolators

14. Relief Valve on Compressor Protects compressor Pressure Switch Signals the controller to start or stop the compressor Additional Compressor Components Pressure In NCNO Common

15. Accumulators Pneumatic tank Up to two Store compressed air at 120 psi Helps keep the pressure constant Smooth out the pressure fluctuation

16. Cylinders

17. Rotary Actuator

18. Fittings and Plugs

19. Flow Controls Regulate flow of air into and out of a cylinder Used to control speed of a pneumatic cylinder If used, attach directly to cylinder (only one end needed)

20. Exhaust Valve Use to release pressure

21. Fittings Connection and Disconnection

22. Regulators Regulators Control Pressure Relieving type in the FIRST kit – 2 are included The use of Regulators assures maximum efficiency Allows air from reservoirs to flow to rest of pneumatic system Limits pressure in valves, cylinders to 60 psi

23. Solenoid – Electric Valves

24. Pneumatic Actuators Pneumatic Actuators – applies force or creates motion through the use of a pneumatic system

25. Pneumatic Actuators Use Pressurized Air to achieve motion Provide power and speed to any actuation system. Variety of Actuation mechanisms available Arms Grippers Shifters

26. Arms

27. Grippers

28. Shifters

29. Actuators Construction & Operation Basic Construction Operation

30. Compressed Air is routed by the valve to extend or retract the cylinder

31. Actuators Most Common types of Linear Actuators Double Acting – Single Ended – Double Ended Single Acting Spring Return All contain Cylinder Barrel Piston Rod Seals Spring if used

32. Facts about Pneumatics Pressure – Units of measure Lbs per in 2 or Force per unit area Absolute Pressure – 14.7 psia at sea level Gauge Pressure – measured relative to ambient Flow cfm cubic foot (feet) per minute Volume per unit time Scfm Standard cubic foot (feet) per minute

33. Force Principles Gauge Pressure works against each square inch of piston surface The greater the square inch surface of the fluid, the less internal pressure will be developed.

34. Actuators Differential Areas Force Consideration Consider the effective area on which the pressure acts On single ended cylinders there is a differential Don’t forget friction

35. Cylinders Force = Pressure  Area 2” diameter piston Area = 3.14  1 2 = 3.14 in 2 Pressure = 60 psi 3.14 in 2  60 psi = 188 lbs Force while extending greater than while retracting Main decisions: Length and diameter Diameter based on required force Larger diameter: more force, but more air

36. Cylinder maximum force ¾” Dia Cylinder ½” - 10” Throw26 lb max force 1-1/2” Dia Cylinder ½”-24” Throw106 lb max force 2” Dia Cylinder ½”-24” Throw188 lb max force

37. Cylinder Forces Force Applied = Pressure * Cross Sectional Area Pressure applied on a flat plate, causes a force! The bigger the plate, or the higher the pressure, the greater the force. Less force “in” than “out”. This is due to a reduced cross section (caused by the rod being in the way!)

38. 1.5” Bore Cylinder Retracted Length = 4.38 + Stroke +.25 + 1.31 = 5.94 + Stroke Base Dimension = 4.38 + Stroke Length = ? + Locking Nut =.25 + Clevis Dimension = 1.31 Extended Length = 5.94 + (2 x Stroke Length)

39. Single Solenoid Valve When energized, cylinder goes to one state When de-energized, cylinder always returns to rest state When power is cut at the end of the match, cylinder will return to rest state Each valve powered by one relay module (only in forward)

40. Double Solenoid Valves One solenoid pulsed to move cylinder one way, other solenoid pulsed to move cylinder the other way Results unpredictable if both pulsed Valve will stay in either state when neither solenoid energized Can use one relay for each solenoid or one relay and two diodes

41. 4-way Valves in your kit Double Solenoid (detented) SMC Single Solenoid (spring offset) SMC

42. 4-way Valves in your kit Single Solenoid (spring offset) Festo

43. 4-way Valves in your kit Single Solenoid Poppet (Spring Offset)

44. 4-way 5-port Valves Directional Control SolenoidSpring

45. Why use Pneumatics in 2006? The Advantages Complete kit : All the parts required to build an operating system Weight: equal or lighter than comparable alternatives Adjustable Force: Different bore cylinders change the available force and By adjusting the applied pressure you can instantly adjust the force

46. Durable no burned up motors – stall with no damage Strong from 9 lbs to 180 lbs – easily adjustable Custom cylinders in just a few days by UPS Last minute additions add a valve or a cylinder quickly Why use Pneumatics in 2006? The Advantages

47. Multiple cylinders use same compressor Strong from 9 lbs to 180 lbs – easily adjustable Custom cylinders in just a few days by UPS Last minute additions add a valve or a cylinder quickly

48. Why do we design with pneumatics? Simple… Pneumatic Cylinders are force vectors. Each cylinder represents a force, which will be applied over a certain distance. Most pneumatic design involves arms or linkages of some type. Know principles of leverage and torque!

49. Safety always be considered Relieve the pressure before working on the system Be aware of pinch points Avoid side-loading – increases friction and wear Avoid getting grit or metal shavings on the rod or in the cylinder Use flow controls for safety Compressed Air is like a coiled spring Safety MUST

50. Interesting Links Fluid Power Educational Foundation www.fpef.org Nason Corporation www.nasonptc.com Bosch Rexroth www. bosch- rexroth.com www.boschrexroth.com Bimba Manufacturing www.bimba.com Lord Corp www.lordmpd.com Fluid Power Dist. Ass’n www.fpda.org Clippard Instrument Lab. www.clippard.com Monnier, Inc. www.monnier.com Fluid Power Society www.ifps.org Wika www.ewika.com/WikaSit e/GlobalSites.aspx Norgren www.norgren.com Nat’l Fluid Power Ass’n www.nfpa.com Festo www.festo.com Parker www.parker.com SMC Pneumatics www.smcusa.com

51. Q/A Any Questions? About this lecture? About Pneumatics? About Design? About FIRST? About the Game?