1. 20-21 January 2009, RAL Joint DL-RAL Accelerator Workshop 1 INVESTIGATION OF NON- EVAPORABLE GETTER FILMS O. B. Malyshev, K.J. Middleman, A. Hannah and S. Patel ASTeC Vacuum Science Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, UK J.S. Colligon, R. Valizadeh and V. Vishnyakov Department of Chemistry, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK

2. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev2 What are usual considerations for vacuum Required pressure P is defined by gas desorption Q in the vessel and effective pumping speed S eff. In a simple case it is Q Pump, S (l/s) P U (l/s) Thermal, photon, electron and ion stimulated desorption

3. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev3 Usual accelerator vacuum chamber Average pressure depends on vacuum conductance u of the beam vacuum chamber, which depends on the cross section and the length L

4. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev4 Vacuum chamber with a distributed pump SIP in dipole and quadrupole magnetic field Does not pump when magnets off Requires HV supply Getter strip in LEP at CERN Does not pump Noble gases and C x H y Requires activation B

5. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev5 NEG coated vacuum chamber Non-Evaporable Getter (NEG) coating magnetron sputtered onto the inner walls recent innovation technique developed at CERN and is an attractive solution for many UHV applications. One such application is in the vacuum systems of particle accelerators that have to be designed so as to provide sufficiently low pressure in the beam pipe during machine operation: NEG film have to be optimised to exhibit low photon, electron and ion stimulated desorption yields and reduce secondary electron emission. Pumping speed and capacity are important parameters for design. There are a number of issues which are still not yet fully understood to engineer, to optimise and to use such coatings.

6. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev6 Why Do We Want to Coat the Chambers with NEG? Accelerator chambers have limited conductance of a few l/(s  m). Especially in the insertion device chambers with gaps of ≤ 10mm. Need 10 -10 mbar to reduce Bremsstrahlung radiation  Linear pumping Photons and charged particles will desorb electrons and molecules and impact the lifetime and stability of the beam

7. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev7 Source of Gas in a Vacuum System Thermal,photon, electron or ion stimulated desorption: Molecules diffusing through the bulk material (mainly subsurface layers) of the vacuum chamber, entering the surface and desorbing from it Molecules adsorbed on the surface (initially or after the air venting) and desorbing when vacuum chamber is pumped Outgassing rate depends on many factors: choice of material, cleaning procedure, pumping time, bombardment (irradiation) dose, etc... Vacuum Subsurface Bulk layers

8. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev8 What NEG coating does A pure metal film ~1  m thick without contaminants. A barrier for molecules from the bulk of vacuum chamber. A sorbing surface of entire vacuum chamber surface Vacuum NEG Subsurface Bulk Coating Layers

9. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev9 Stainless steel vs NEG coated vacuum chamber under SR

10. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev10 Study and optimising the NEG coatings Collaboration between ASTeC and MMU was set-up Surface science: NEG film deposition (existing and new technologies) NEG film surface analysis with SEM, XPS, RBS, etc. Vacuum science: Pumping properties evaluation Gas dynamics modelling Photon, electron, ion stimulated desorption PEY and SEY Application to accelerator design (coating geometry, pumping scheme, activation procedure, etc.) Gas dynamic model in accelerator beam chamber

11. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev11 Why Do We Want to Coat the Chambers with NEG?   e -, M  ΔP  , BS e -  e - (SEY), M  ΔP  , and cause multipacting and e-cloud in e + & hadron machine M +  ΔP  , stability NEG coated surface will reduce the surface desorption yields induced by photons , electrons e - and ions M + provide pumping which in turn minimizing the desorption provide low SEY to suppress multipacting (which reduces electron stimulated desorption flux) and e-cloud

12. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev12 NEG coating is a technology for UHV and XHV If pressure during activation is 10 -9 mbar, then the amount of molecules hitting the wall is an equivalent of If pressure of NEG-sorbing gases (CO, CO 2, H 2 O) during activation P > ~10 -10 mbar =>  the NEG film is continuously poisoning by these gases =>  the activation is not full The CO capacity of the NEG coating is about 1 monolayer for CO and CO 2

13. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev13 The conditions for NEG film activation To allow NEG film to be activated and not to be poisoned by residual gas molecules for the duration of the experiment: 1.The background pressure due to thermal desorption from uncoated part should be better than 10 -11 mbar for CO, CO 2, H 2 O, O 2 and N 2 2.NEG film activation must be performed only after the bakeout of the uncoated parts of vacuum chamber, when desorption from uncoated parts of the test system is low the temperature of the test chamber and the NEG coated sample should be maintained independently (separate heaters and air or water cooling). 3.The area and capacity of uncoated parts should be much smaller than NEG coated one to avoid NEG saturation during and after (re-)activation for the duration of time until the gas injection experiment started. 4.No ‘short pressure increase’ can be tolerated after NEG coating activation. ex.: to switching on the gauge and the RGA, by opening or closing a valve, etc.

14. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev14 Sample deposition Planar magnetron deposition Solenoid magnetron deposition

15. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev15 Set-up for NEG pumping evaluation Sticking probability  is calculated from pressure measurements during gas injection using the results of TPMC:

16. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev16 Usual activation procedure

17. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev17 Reducing of CO, CO 2 and H 2 O pressure in the open geometry set-up: Test sample with NEG coating There is an area where temperature changes from the temperature of the NEG coated sample T NEG to the temperature of the rest of vacuum chamber T VC : During the set-up bake-out this are is under-baked During the NEG activation this area temperature is higher than T VC and outgases. It might be the main source of gas. Cooling channel T NEG T VC Area with transitional temperature

18. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev18 ASTeC activation procedure

19. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev19 NEG film density Four TiZrV coated cup sample were prepared: Cup 1: thin and columnar Cup 2: two times thicker and columnar Cup 3 & 4: dense and thick as Cup 2

20. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev20 Cap 3

21. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev21 Comparison of three samples - Thin - Thick - Dense

22. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev22 SEM images of films Cup 1 & 2:Cup 3 and 4: columnar dense

23. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev23 NEG film composition Different combination of Ti, Zr, V and Hf Same deposition parameters Binary, ternary and quadruple alloys

24. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev24 TiV binary alloy coating

25. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev25 Triple alloy coating TiZrVTiHfV

26. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev26 TiZrHfV quadruple alloy coating

27. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev27 Binary alloy coatings: TiV, TiZr, ZrV…

28. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev28 Ternary alloy coatings

29. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev29 TiZrHfV quadruple alloy coating

30. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev30 Application to ILC Pressure along the arc: inside an aluminium tube: Bakeout at 220  C A pump with 200 l/s every 5 m H 2, CO and CO 2 Inside NEG coated tube Activation at 160-180  C A pump with 20 l/s every 30-40 m H 2 and CH 4

31. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev31 Conclusions New bakeout/activation procedure developed at ASTeC to minimise the NEG film poisoning from uncoated parts. Measured results don’t depend on injected gas flow rate. Columnar NEG structure, required for higher pumping speed and sorption capacity, is formed at higher pressure. Reduced pumping speed and sorption capacity measured for dense films deposited either at lower pressures or by pulsed sputtering. Larger number of element in the target allows reducing the grain size of the film which, in turn, increase the molecule diffusion along grain boundaries and led to a lower activation temperature. All together allows engineering the films with different properties

32. 20-21 January 2009, RALJoint DL-RAL Accelerator WorkshopOleg Malyshev32 Future investigations I.New understanding of physics and chemistry of the NEG coating allows to the next stage: engineering of NEG coating with necessary properties Study dynamic properties of new coatings such as: NEG as low dynamic outgassing NEG as low SEY coating Combination of both II. Accumulated experience allows Designing vacuum systems of new accelerators considering NEG coating and applying it where it is beneficial (DLS, ILC, NLS, FAIR, CLIC…) Using the NEG coating in the appropriate way.