1. AFRICA‘SMAJORAFRICA‘SMAJOR CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

2. I. Major Challenges Facing Africa Today 1. Extreme Poverty 2. Child Slave Trade 3. Children as Soldiers 4. Health Issues 5. Environmental Issues 6. Hunger/Starvation 7. Air /Water Pollution 8. Ethnic/Civil Wars 9. Refugee Camps 10. Education/Literacy Rate

3. II. Causes of Poverty in Africa Soil erosion Overgrazing Droughts Deforestation Cyclones (coastal countries) Low agricultural productivity Land degradation Unemployment / low wages Health issues Military coups Civil Wars Poor farming methods Low literacy rate Poor roads

4. III. Who Are The Poor? 1. small-scale farmers 2. nomads and herders 3. skilled fishermen 4. wage laborers 5. displaced people 6. households headed by woman 7. unemployed 8. youth 9. landless people

5. IV. Western and Central Africa 1.3/4 live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for their livelihoods. 2. 1/5 live in a country affected by warfare. 3.Land degradation (caused from over farming, deforestation and overgrazing) has reached an all time high. 4. The poorest people live in isolated areas 5.HIV/AIDS in Western and Central Africa is lower than that of Eastern and Southern Africa 6.Diseases could spread if not taken care

6. V. Eastern and Southern Africa 1.Rural poverty is growing at an alarming rate in Eastern and Southern Africa 2.Most of the region’s 130 million poor people live in rural areas. 3.Ten of the 21 countries in these regions earn less than the equal of $400. 4.Most of the families in the rural areas are farmers. 5.Assistance to the farmers in these regions has been very slow. 6.As a result agricultural productivity 7.More than 85 per cent of the rural poor live on land that has medium to high potential for increased productivity. 8.The poorest people live in the desert or on semi-arid land that makes up almost 40 per cent of the land base of this part of Africa.

7. VI. North Africa 1. The percentage of rural poor people varies from 6 % in Tunisia to 90 % in Somalia and 87 % in the Sudan. 2. Rural poor people makeup about 1/3 of Tunisia’s poor population and about ¾ of Somalia’s poor. 3. The causes for rural poverty in this region are: limited access of good farm land limited access to water droughts flooding civil wars poor infrastructure ( road systems, highways, public transportation, electricity, water, etc.) high illiteracy rate (especially women) weak local institution (police, fire, etc.) poor integration of rural youth to urban areas. 3. Rural poor people have very little say in politics. (especially women). 4. Government policies tend to favor/aid the urban areas.

8. AFRICA”S CHILD SLAVE TRADE 200,000 children are sold every year in Africa as slave. Until recently slave trade has been largely in Angola, Sudan, Somalia or Chad There are an estimated 8,000 girl-slaves in West Africa alone that have been taken for slave labor. Child slaves wanted for: Domestic work Industrial labor Market stalls Shop assistants Sexual exploitation Work on plantations There are 600,000 cocoa farms in Cote d'Ivoire Approximately 15,000 children are forced to work as slaves on these farms The trafficking of children for slave labor is growing at a rapid rate. Countries include Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Nigeria and Togo. Brokers scout for children among poor families in rural areas of Brokers kidnap children y playing outside or who have wandered into urban areas. Others say they persuade parents that their children will receive a professional training or a good education with a wealthy family. Most of the parents are then corrupted by receiving a little cash.

9. The Invisible Soldiers: Child Combatants 1.There are an estimated 120,000 child soldiers in Africa.120,000 child soldiers in Africa 2.The small arms of children make it easier to use weapons. 3. In some countries, children as young as 10 have been recruited into a conflict.as young as 10 4.Recent warfare has heightened the dangers for children. 5.In many places children grow up knowing only violenceviolence 6.During the last decade, it is estimated that child victims have included: 2 million killed 4-5 million disabled 12 million left homeless 10 million psychologically traumatized.

10. Africa’s Health Issues 1.Diseases such as AIDS, malaria, pneumonia, measles and typhoid fever are killing record numbers of people. 2.It is estimated that more than 18 million people have died to date of Aids (3 million were children). 3.25+ million adults are currently infected 4.More than 15 million children have been orphaned as a result of the Aids epidemic. 5.Nearly 2 million children under 14 years old are HIV positive. 6.In sub-Saharan Africa, measles takes the life of a child nearly every minute of every day. 7.Malaria kills more than 1 million a year

11. Hunger / Starvation 1. More than 800 million people go to bed hungry every day, 300 million are children. 2. More than 90 percent are suffering long-term malnourishment 3. Nearly one third of children in Sub-Saharan Africa are underweight. 4. Horn of Africa is having a major problem Reasons for famine: Droughts in Western Sahel Increase in Population Poor soil/ loss of soil Civil Wars Little rainfall in South Africa 5. Aids - sub-Saharan Africa. ex. Countries like Malawi, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe are losing a large number of young adults to the aids epidemic and gaining a large number of orphans and elderly people with no visible means of support.

12. Africa’s Water Pollution Problems Two thirds (60%) of Africa is desert or dry lands. More than 50 % of Africans suffer from water- related diseases such as cholera and infant diarrhea 43% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have safe, accessible drinking water. 27 African countries, greater than 30% of the population does not have access to safe water 36 African countries where more than 50% of the population lacks access to sanitation 40% of all child deaths from diarrhea are in Sub-Saharan Africa 64% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have adequate sanitation. Oil leaks/spills at shipping ports Poor management of water resources Lack of financial resources

13. Africa’s Air Pollution Problems Growth of urban population old cars carbon dioxide-emitting motorbikes gasoline with high lead content Industrial waste 75-80% of Africa's population is still mostly poor and they use firewood for fuel. Burning wood releases CO2 into the atmosphere

14. Africa’s Ethnic /Civil Wars Ethnic /civil wars were primarily over: 1. Natural Resources oil gold, copper, iron ore, silver water diamonds 2. Border Disputes 3. Ethnic/tribal rivalry 4. Military coups 5. Religion 6. Education of some

15. Africa’s Refugee Problem 1.Rwanda and Burund have created a massive population displacement. 2.The war in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has forced out tens of thousands. 3.Renewed war in Angola and continued fighting in the Republic of Congo have displaced thousands. 4.It is estimated that more than 150,000 Sahrawis - people from the disputed territory of Western Sahara - have lived in five large refugee camps near Tindouf in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert since 1975. SahrawisWestern SaharaTindoufSahara 5.Angola, has an estimated 3 million refugeesAngola 6.Children account for half of all civilian casualties in wars in Africa

16. Literacy Problems in Africa 1.Literacy is a major problem in Africa 2.136 million Adults cannot read 3.In 2000, the average literacy rate in Sub- Saharan Africa was 52 % for women and 68.9 % for men. 4.The African continent has strong regional differences: 5. Western African countries have the smallest literacy rate 6.Southern African countries have the highest literacy rate 7.South African schools are the most dangerous in the world. 8. Only 27% of the students attending South African schools feel safe. 9. Causes: poverty lack of money material human resources safety in the schools unemployment exploitation of natural resources prejudice against women “When you educate a man, you educate an individual, when you educate a woman you educate a nation

17. Fact: 1. A child dies every three seconds from extreme poverty, often before their fifth birthday. 2. More than one billion people do not have access to clean water. 3. "Every day 30,000 children die from a combination of disease- infested water and malnutrition, 4. More than 50 % of Africans suffer from water-related diseases such as cholera and infant diarrhea. 5. Every year six million children die from malnutrition before their fifth birthday. 6. Nearly one third of children in Sub-Saharan Africa are underweight. 7. More than 800 million people go to bed hungry every day, 300 million are children. 8. More than 90 percent are suffering long- term malnourishment. 9. Diseases such as AIDS, malaria, pneumonia and typhoid fever are killing record numbers as well. 10. Between 12 and 14 million African children have been orphaned by HIV/AIDS

18. Fact: 11. Nearly 2 million children under 14 years old are HIV positive 12. Measles takes the life of a child nearly every minute of every day 13. 200,000 child slaves are sold every year in Africa 14. There are an estimated 8,000 girl-slaves in West Africa. 15. Approximately 120,000 African children are participating in armed conflicts. Some are as young as 7 years old. 16. 43% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have safe, accessible drinking water 17. 64% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa do not have adequate sanitation. 18. Only 57% of African children are enrolled in primary education One in three children do not complete primary education.