1. Experimental Study of Graphite Dust Generated from Fuel Pebble Elements of HTRs Zhou Hongbo 1, Shen Ke 1, Yu Suyuan 2* Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University 9/17/2014 Hangzhou

2. 2 outline 1.Fuel handling system in HTR-10 2.Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble 3.Preliminary experimental data 4.Concluding remarks

3. 3 Fuel handling system in HTR-10 Graphite serves as coating material fuel elements. These elements are pneumatically conveyed to the top of the core through stainless steel tube, and discharged out of the core under the action of gravity and inertia. Thus accomplishing on-line refueling. In the fuel handling system, the diameter of fuel loading tube is 62mm ， and the total length is about 23m.

4. 4 There are 27,000 pebble fuel elements in the core. In normal operation, it needs to load or unload 125 elements per day. The graphite matrix material is manufactured with a powder mixture which is composed of 64 wt.% natural flake graphite,16 wt.% artificial graphite, and 20 wt.% phenol resin binder. The diameter of fuel element is 60mm. Fuel handling system in HTR-10 pebble fuel elements

5. Graphite dust generated inevitably from abrasion in the core. Combined with fission product, the dust would became a hidden problem for safety of HTR. There are 3 zones for the fuel elements to wear: the bottom of the core, the lifting pipe and the unloading pipe. Previous studies have shown that fuel wear more seriously in the lifting pipe than in the other 2 zones. The wear mainly happens on the surface of the fuel pebble. 5 Fuel handling system in HTR-10 Graphite dust

6. Choose HTR-10 as the study object, and study wear performance in the pneumatic fuel loading system, especially focusing on the impact brought by the convey speed affect the performance of its wear and tear. The results obtained in this study will help the understanding of graphite dust generation in HTR-10 and HTR-PM. 6 Fuel handling system in HTR-10 Graphite dust

7. 7 outline 1.Fuel handling system in HTR-10 2.Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble 3.Preliminary experimental data 4.Concluding remarks

8. Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble The test platform consists of a stainless steel lifting pipe, gas sources and gas lines, timing system, and a graphite sphere carrying system. The whole platform is supported by a metal framework and covers an area of about 2 m 2 with the height of 9 meters.

9. 9 The stainless steel pipe use the same material as fuel handling system in HTR-10. The pipe has an inner diameter of 62 mm. The straight part of the pipe is 8000 mm in length, due to space limitation of the experimental hall. The pipe has a roundness tolerance of 0.25 mm, a straightness tolerance of Φ1mm/m. One end of the pipe was bended into a semicircle with a radius of 300 mm. The ovality is less than 1.03, while the minimum inner diameter is not less than 61mm, in order to ensure the free passing of the graphite sphere. test platform Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble

10. 10 some important components of the test platform system Solenoid valve Compressed gas Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble

11. 11 timing system Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble some important components of the test platform system

12. 12 ItemSpecificationMeasurement value Density （ g/cm3 ） >1.701.72 Total ash (ppm)≤30089 Li content (ppm)≤0.3<0.02 Impurity (ppm EBC)≤3.0<1.0 Thermal conductivity,1000  C (W/cm·K) ≥0.25 ⊥ 0.31 ∥ 0.28 Corrosion rate, 1000 ℃,He+1vol%H 2 O (mg/cm 2 ·h) ≤1.30.95 Erosion rate (mg/h·fuel element)≤63.2 Number of drops (4 m)≥50>220 Breaking loading (kN)≥18 ⊥ 22.7 ∥ 21.6 Experimental graphite sphere Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble

13. 13 Compressed air, nitrogen and helium were used as gas source. Different average lifting velocities were obtained by adjusting the pressure at the outlet of pressure reducing valves. Since each lifting results in only a very small amount of mass loss, the graphite sphere was lifted for 10 times, and the weight of it was measured before and after the test to calculate the abrasion rate. Before weighing, the spheres was wiped by ethanol and then dried at 110  C for 15 min. The abrasion rate can be calculated by dividing the mass loss by 8.942 m, which is the total distance of the graphite sphere. Therefore, the abrasion rate and mean speed relationship can be obtained. Determination of abrasion rate Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble

14. 14 outline 1.Fuel handling system in HTR-10 2.Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble 3.Preliminary experimental data 4.Concluding remarks

15. 15 Preliminary experimental data Standard deviations of mean lifting velocity measurement

16. 16 Preliminary experimental data Schematic of the motion of graphite sphere during pneumatically lifting (a)ideal situation, (b)real situation in which collision occurs, (c)The axial velocity of graphite sphere.

17. 17 The relationship between abrasion rate and average lifting velocity in air Y=0.06722-0.1617x Preliminary experimental data

18. 18 outline 1.Fuel handling system in HTR-10 2.Graphite dust test platform by lifting fuel pebble 3.Preliminary experimental data 4.Concluding remarks

19. 19 Concluding remarks a test platform was designed for the study of abrasion of graphite sphere. It simulates the pebble-steel pipe abrasion of spherical fuel element during pneumatic lifting. An automatic timing system was used to measure the mean lifting velocity, which showed a standard deviation of less than 0.2 m/s in the range of 3.5-9.5 m/s. The relationship between abrasion rate and the mean lifting velocity was obtained on such a experimental system. The motion mode of sphere consists of axial move along the pipe, radical oscillation, as well as rotation.

20. 20 Concluding remarks The abrasion rate of graphite sphere increased roughly linearly with mean lifting velocity in the air, although deviation from linearity occurred at lower velocity. The dispersion of experimental data is attributed to the large randomness of the collision between graphite sphere and the stainless steel pipe. Further investigations can be carried out on this test platform and help the understanding of graphite dust generation in HTR-10 and HTR-PM.

21. 21 thanks