1. Early signs of death

2. EARLY SIGNS OF DEATH Mate Žaja Mentor: A. Žmegač Horvat early changes rigor mortis cadaveric rigidity post-mortem hypostasis cooling of the body

3. Early changes no corneal reflex pupils stop reacting to light “trucking” or “shunting” of the retinal vessels (fragmentation of columns of blood) loss of intraocular tension

4. Early changes primary flaccidity ◦ complete loss of tone ◦ may retain reactivity ◦ may respond to touch and other forms of stimulation hours after cardiac arrest ◦ focal twitching decreases with time (discharges of dying motor neurons)

5. Early changes paleness of the skin, conjuctivae and mucous membranes ◦ fall of blood pressure and cessation of circulation of the blood ◦ skin of the face and the lips may remain red or blue in hypoxic/congestive deaths

6. Early changes hair does not continue to grow after death because hair follicles die at the same time as the rest of the skin

7. Early changes loss of muscle tone in the sphincters (voiding of urine) emission of semen regurgitation ◦ very common feature of terminal collapse ◦ common complication of resuscitation

8. Rigor mortis O ₂ anoxic pathway of energy production ATP cell acidity binding of actin and myosin fibres and formation of gel stiffness of muscles (isometric contraction)

9. Rigor mortis first the smaller muscle groups ◦ around the eyes ◦ around the mouth ◦ jaw ◦ fingers from the head to the legs

10. Rigor mortis estimation of time of death ◦ it should never be used alone variable process affected by temperature ◦ the colder the temperature the slower the reactions

11. Rigor mortis temperate conditions ◦ face: 1 to 4 hours ◦ limbs: 4 to 6 hours strength increases next 6 to 12 hours secondary flaccidity: 24 to 50 hours standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP) 20°C 101,325 kPa

12. Rigor mortis ◦ warm and flaccid – less than 3 hours ◦ warm and stiff – 3 to 8 hours ◦ cold and stiff – 8 to 36 hours ◦ cold and flaccid – more than 36 hours

13. Cadaveric rigidity forensic rarity onset immediately at death high levels of emotional or physical stress immediately before death ◦ drowning ◦ battlefield casualties ◦ suicidal shooting possibly neurogenic mechanism

14. Post-mortem hypostasis post-mortem lividity or suggilation passive settling of blood under the influence of gravity pink or bluish colour change of the lowest areas

15. Post-mortem hypostasis cessation of circulation relaxation of muscular tone of the vascular bed simple fluid movement within the blood vessels

16. Post-mortem hypostasis may be absent due to: ◦ age – very young or very old ◦ anaemia ◦ severe blood loss may be masked due to: ◦ dark skin colour ◦ jaundice ◦ some dermatological conditions

17. Post-mortem hypostasis compressed areas remain pale (blanching): ◦ surface ◦ clothing ◦ body areas

18. position of the body

19. Post-mortem hypostasis colour of hypostasis: ◦ from pink to dark pink to deep purple ◦ blue - some congestive hypoxic states ◦ cherry pink – carbon monoxide poisoning ◦ dark red (brick red) – cyanide poisoning ◦ bronze - Clostridium perfringens infection

20. Post-mortem hypostasis hypothermia: ◦ usual colour  can be unusually pink ◦ unusual distribution  around large joints and over dependent areas of the body

21. Post-mortem hypostasis no significant role in determining time of death affected by the movement of the body (even after normal post-mortem coagulation of the blood)

22. Cooling of the body indicator of the time of death based only on three forensic assumptions: ◦ 37°C at the time of death ◦ extrapolation of temperature and applying it to the non-uniform body as a whole (more readings are optional) ◦ thermally static environment

23. Cooling of the body other variables and factors: ◦ mass of the body ◦ mass/surface area ◦ body temperature at the time of death ◦ site of reading body temperature ◦ posture of the body – extended or curled ◦ clothing – material, position on the body, lack of it ◦ obesity ◦ emaciation – lack of muscle bulk ◦ environmental temperature ◦ winds, draughts, rain, humidity