1. Munitions of the Mind “For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill.” Sun Tsu, The Art of War.

2. Evolution of Terminology Combat propaganda Political Warfare Psychological Warfare (PSYWAR) Psychological Operations (PSYOPS) Information Support (UK); OpInfo (Germany) INFORMATION WARFARE/INFORMATION OPERATIONS

3. US Definition “Operations planned to convey selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives, objective reasoning, and ultimately the behavior of foreign governments, organizations, groups and individuals.” - Joint Pub 3-53

4. Forms of PSYWAR/PSYOPS Black (covert): purports to be from a source other than the true one (e.g. PWE radio). Usually conducted by intelligence services. White (overt): emanates from the source it says it is (e.g. ‘This is Radio Moscow’). Usually conducted by military or civil- military services. Grey: (source unknown).

5. Forms of PSYWAR/PSYOPS Black (covert): purports to be from a source other than the true one (e.g. PWE radio). Usually conducted by intelligence services. White (overt): emanates from the source it says it is (e.g. ‘This is Radio Moscow’). Usually conducted by military or civil- military services. Grey: (source unknown).

6. PSYOPS media

7. WEEKLYNEWSPAPERS RADIOBROADCASTS & AUDIO TAPES MOSTOVIMIRKO HERALD OF PROGRESS TELEVISIONBROADCASTS & ADVERTISEMENTS TV SFOR Nation Building?

8. Operations Other Than War The dangers of ‘unintended consequences’ Trying to avoid unintended consequences Bosnia Kosovo

9. The new ‘P’ word – Perception Management ‘ Actions to convey and/or deny selected information and indicators to foreign audiences to influence their emotions, motives and objective reasoning; and to intelligence systems and leaders at all levels to influence official estimates, ultimately resulting in foreign behaviors and official actions favorable to the originator’s objectives. In various ways perception management combines truth projection, operations security, cover and deception and psychological operations.’ -- Joint Pub 1-02

10. Traditional ‘Surrender or Die’ messages Kosovo, 1999 Afghanistan, 2001-02

11. How to surrender

12. We are not ‘invaders’

13. PSYOPS - Commando Solo

14. Enduring Freedom Psyops leaflets – pre-translation Right - back Left - front

15. ‘Shock and Awe’ ‘Do not follow orders to destroy dams or flood villages. Do not follow orders to destroy your country's oil.... See those orders for what they are -- the last desperate gasp of a dying regime.’ Sec. Rumsfeld at DoD Press Conference, 23 March 2003

16. Some successes

17. White PSYOPS, 2003 Go home/Stay at home campaign This also looks to have been a successful part of the campaign

18. Does it Work?

19. SOMETIMES – IT DEPENDS….