1. Chapter 11: Organic Chemistry
The not-that-bad high school version (80% of which is on the Reference Table) of the class that stops a lot of people from becoming doctors

2. Ch. 11: Lesson 1
-Intro to Orgo-

3. What is Organic Chemistry (Orgo)?
Organic chemistry is study of carbon compounds.
Organic is with C; Inorganic is without C
Each carbon forms a total of 4 bonds
-Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry dealing with carbon compounds. Organic compounds are those that contain carbon.
-Each carbon can form 4 bonds (to reach its complete octet, from the bonding chapter)
-Each carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds, but they add up to a maximum of 4 bonds

4. Tetrahedron
In 3D, each carbon’s 4 bonds are in a tetrahedral shape, like a tripod or a pyramid
-We usually draw carbon as bonding in a cross shape (up-down, left-right), but as a 3 dimensional structure it looks like a tripod or a pyramid. The carbon is in the middle, with its 4 bonded atoms projecting out in equally spaced distanced from each other. This shape is called a tetrahedron.

5. Formulas Give Structural Info
Molecular formula:
Structural formula:
-Molecular formulas tell how many of each type of atom are in a molecule. The molecular formula C4H10 tells us that there are 4 carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms in the molecule
-Structural formulas show us what the molecule looks like by displaying the arrangement of atoms in relation to each other, with bonds drawn as lines

6. Properties of Organic Compounds
Nonpolar or weakly polar
Low melting and boiling points
Non-electrolytes, react slowly, insoluble in water
Most will burn, releasing CO2 and H2O
Millions of organic compounds, most from biological processes

7. 2 Types of Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are molecules of only H and C atoms
Aromatic: closed chain
Aliphatic: open chain

8. Homework Kinetics Quest corrections due Tuesday
Print posted pages for Tuesday
Have a great holiday weekend

9. Ch. 11: Lesson 2
-Homologous Series-

10. Homologous Series
A homologous series is a group of related compounds that get bigger one unit at a time
Boiling point rises as
# of carbons increases

11. Names in a Homologous Series

12. Alkanes
Organic compounds with only single bonds are called saturated compounds
The alkanes are a
homologous series of
saturated compounds
Names all end with -ane

13. Alkanes (end in -ane) CnH2+2
Methane, ethane ,propane, butane

14. Draw: pentane, hexane, & octane

15. Alkenes and Alkynes
Unsaturated compounds contain at least one double or triple bond
Alkenes have double bonds, names end in -ene
Alkynes have triple bonds, names end in -yne

16. Alkenes (end in -ene) CnH2n
Ethene, pentene, octene

17. Draw: propene & butene

18. Alkynes (end in -yne) CnH2n-2
Propyne, hexyne, heptyne

19. Draw: ethyne, butyne, & pentyne

20. Table Q
The general formulas tell you how many hydrogens should be on a molecule, based on however many carbons are present. These formulas are helpful for double checking that your drawn structures are correct

21. Ch. 11: Lesson 3
-Isomers, Side-chains,
and Naming-

22. Naming Bond Positions 1) Find longest continuous carbon chain
2) Number carbons so bond is connecting carbons with lowest numbers
The double bond in the first example (a 5 carbon molecule with a double bond, so it’s a pentene) is originating at the first carbon in the chain, so it’s called 1-pentene. In the second example the double bond starts at the second carbon in the chain, so it’s called 2-pentene.

23. Draw: 2-hexene

24. Draw: 1-butyne

25. C4H8O2 CH4 C2H6 Methane Ethane 3-hydroxy-2-butanone
2-methylpropanoic acid
Butanoic acid
Dioxan

26. Isomers
Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas
Each has different properties and boiling points
Straight chain written as “normal” with “n-”
Name: n-pentane
Name: ???

27. Alkyl Groups Alkyl groups are non-H sidechains
Named like alkanes but with an “-yl” ending

28. How to Name Isomers 1) Find the longest continuous carbon chain
2) Number the carbons
3) Use the lowest number
combination to list what’s
attached to carbon chain
2-methyl butane

29. Name This Molecule Find longest C chain, number it What’s attached?
Give lowest number
2-methyl hexane

30. Draw: 3-methyl hexane

31. Draw: 2-ethyl pentane

32. Multiple Alkyl Groups
Use “di-” or “tri-” to indicate more than one of the same alkyl group
2,2-dimethyl butane

33. Draw: 2,2-dimethyl hexane

34. Draw: 2-methyl, 3-ethyl hexane

35. Homework
Review book page 200, # 19-23, 27-28

36. AKA “Just look at Table R”
Ch. 11: Lesson 4
-Functional Groups-
AKA “Just look at Table R”

37. Functional Groups
Functional groups replace H’s on a hydrocarbon and give molecules different properties

38. Halides Halides are F, Cl, Br, or I in place of H on a hydrocarbon
Named by adding “-o” to the end of the halogen, then treating like an alkyl group
2-bromo propane
3-chloro pentane

39. Draw: 3-fluoro pentane

40. Draw: 2-iodo butane

41. Alcohols Alcohols have an -OH group
Looks like a base, but not ionic or an electrolyte
Change the end of hydrocarbon name to “-ol”
methanol
2-butanol

42. Draw: ethanol

43. Draw: 2-propanol

44. Types of Alcohols
Dihydroxy and trihydroxy alcohols have 2 and OH groups, respectively

45. Types of Alcohols
Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols:

46. Table R
You don’t need to memorize the rest, they’re on the reference table, but be familiar with them and where they are

47. 3 C’s = propane = propanal
Aldehydes
Aldehydes have a double bonded
oxygen at the end of a carbon chain, with an H
Names end in “-al”
3 C’s = propane = propanal

48. 3 C’s = propane = propanone
Ketones
Ketones have a double bonded oxygen in the middle of a carbon chain
Names end in “-one”
3 C’s = propane = propanone

49. Organic Acids
Organic acids have both a double bonded oxygen and an -OH at the end of a carbon chain
Names end in “-oic acid”
3 C’s = propane =
propanoic acid

50. Ethers Ethers have two carbon chains joined by an oxygen
Names list what’s on each side of the oxygen, followed by “ether”
Ethylmethyl ether
Dimethyl ether

51. Esters
Esters look like combos of ketones and ethers, with double bonded oxygen and an oxygen connector

52. Amines Amines formed by replacing H’s on ammonia with alkyl groups
List what’s attached, then add “amine”
ammonia
trimethyl amine
methyl amine
dimethyl amine

53. Amino Acids
Amino acids contain both an amine group and an organic acid group
20 occur in nature
R groups vary

54. Amino Acids
alanine
glycine
lysine
tyrosine

55. Amides
Amides are linkages where amino acids join to make proteins. Water is lost when they form.

56. Conclusion and homework
Do now: Review book page 204, #34-37
Homework: page 205, #41-48