1. Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 4.1 – _________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 4.2 – _________atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to ________other atoms 4.3 A few ________ groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

2. Chapter 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 4.1 – Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds 4.2 – Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms 4.3 A few chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules

3. In _______ _______ accidently produced the organic compound _______ while trying to make ammonium cyanate by mixing 2 ions: NH4- (ammonium) and CNO+ (cyanate)

4. In 1828 Wohler accidently produced the organic compound urea while trying to make ammonium cyanate by mixing 2 ions: NH4- (ammonium) and CNO+ (cyanate)

5. In _________, _________ _________ zapped a H, NH3, CH4, and H2O vapor and got some CH2O (_________ ), HCN (_________ cyanide), OH:C:::N :: H:C :H Some _________ acids, and some _________ chains

6. In 1953, Stanley Miller zapped a H, NH3, CH4, and H2O vapor and got some CH2O (formaldehyde), HCN (hydrogen cyanide), OH:C:::N :: H:C :H Some amino acids, and some hydrocarbon chains

7. ________ ________ O=C=O ________ CH4 ________ C2H6 ________ or ________ C2H4 C H H H H C H H H C H H H C H H C H H

8. Carbon dioxide O=C=O Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Ethelyne or Ethene C2H4 C H H H H C H H H C H H H C H H C H H

9. HONC if you love chemistry valences 1-Hydrogen _______ 8-Oxygen _______16-Sulfur _______ 7-Nitrogen _______15-Phosphorous _______ 6-Carbon _______14-Silicon _______

10. HONC if you love chemistry valences valence = # of unpaired electrons in outer shell 1-Hydrogen 1 8-Oxygen 2 16-Sulfur 2 7-Nitrogen 3 15-Phosphorous 3 6-Carbon 4 14-Silicon 4

11. HONC if you love chemistry valences valence = # of unpaired electrons in outer shell 1-Hydrogen 1 – 9.5% 8-Oxygen 2- 65% 16-Sulfur 2 – 0.3% 7-Nitrogen 3 - 3.3% 15-Phosphorous 3 – 1% 6-Carbon 4- 18.5% 14-Silicon 4 – trace < 0.01%

12. __________ consist of only Hydrogen and Carbon

13. Hydrocarbons consist of only Hydrogen and Carbon

14. 4 ways a carbon skeleton can vary _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ of _________

15. 4 ways a carbon skeleton can vary Length Branching Double bond position Presence of rings

16. Fat molecule ______________chains joined at their heads with a few ______________

17. Fat molecule Hydrocarbon chains joined at their heads with a few oxygens

18. Isomers Same ___________ formula, different: 1.Structure – ___________ isomers 2.Arrangement – ___________ isomers 3.Handedness - ___________

19. Isomers Same chemical formula, different: 1.Structure – structural isomers 2.Arrangement – Cis-Trans isomers 3.Handedness - Enantiomers

20. Fun isomer facts There are ____variations of C8H18 _____isomers are sisters (same side) _____ isomers trake trurns Enantiomers – a carbon with 4 different atoms or molecules attached – the carbon is called an _______ carbon are ___& ___ or S and R

21. Fun isomer facts There are 18 variations of C8H18 Cis isomers are sisters (same side) Trans isomers trake trurns Enantiomers – a carbon with 4 different atoms or molecules attached – the carbon is called an asymmetric carbon are Levo & Dextro or S and R

22. Steroids ____ fused rings

23. Steroids 4 fused rings

24. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.________Structure: ___________ 2.________Name: ______________ 3.________Example: _______________ 4.________Functional properties: _______________________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________

25. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.Hydroxyl ---OH on a carbon, has a partial + charge 2.________name: Alcohols 3.________example: ethanol 4.________functional properties: 5.________* polar due to H partial + 6.________* hydrophilic, H bonds to H2O 7.________ C H H H C H OH H

26. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ___________ 2.________Name: ______________ 3.________Example: _______________ 4.________Functional properties: _______________________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________

27. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylstructure: >C=O 2.carbonylname: ketones (interior), aldehydes (end) 3.________ example ketone: Acetone 4.________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________ example aldehyde: propanal Functional properties: Keytones and aldehydes may be structural isomers 2 major sugar groups are ketoses (with a ketone) and aldoses (with an aldehyde) C H H H C H H H C O C H H H C O H H C H

28. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ___________ 2.carbonylName: ______________ 3.________Example: _______________ 4.________Functional properties: _______________________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________

29. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ---COOH 2.carbonylName: Carboxylic acids (organic acids) 3.carboxylExample: Acetic acid (in vinegar) 4.________Functional properties: 5.________ * Acts as an acid, proton donor 6.________ * typically found in ionized form 7.________ in cells H C O OH H C H C O O- C O OH

30. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ___________ 2.carbonylName: ______________ 3.carboxylExample: _______________ 4.________Functional properties: _______________________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________

31. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylstructure: -NH2 2.Carbonylname: amines 3.carboxylexample: glycine 4.aminofunctional properties: 5.________ * acts as a base as a 6.________ proton acceptor 7.________ * becomes a positive ion after gaining a proton Amines with a carboxyl are amino acids (like glycine) N H H C H H HO O N H H C +N H H H

32. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ___________ 2.carbonylName: ______________ 3.carboxylExample: _______________ 4.aminoFunctional properties: _______________________ 5.________ 6.________ 7.________

33. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylstructure: -SH 2.Carbonylname: thiols 3.carboxyl 4.amino 5.sulfhydryl 6.________example: cysteine 7.________ functional properties: 2 sulfhydryls can covalently bond – making a strong protein can break and reform in other shapes like straight to curly hair

34. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ___________ 2.carbonylName: ______________ 3.carboxylExample: _______________ 4.aminoFunctional properties: _______________________ 5.sylfhydryl 6.________ 7.________

35. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylstructure: -OPO 3 2 - 2.Carbonylname: organic phosphates 3.carboxyl 4.amino 5.sulfhydryl example: Glycerol phosphate 6.Phosphate 7.________ functional properties: *Contributes neg. charge to bonded molecules *phosphate groups potentially react with water releasing energy like ATP

36. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylStructure: ___________ 2.carbonylName: ______________ 3.carboxylExample: _______________ 4.aminoFunctional properties: _______________________ 5.sylfhydryl 6.phosphate 7.________

37. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.hydroxylstructure: -CH 3 2.Carbonylname: methylated compounds 3.carboxyl 4.amino 5.sulfhydryl example: 5-Methyl cytidine (or cytosine in the old book) 6.Phosphate 7.methyl functional properties: *in DNA – affects the expression of genes *arrangement of methyl groups in hormones affect shape and function

38. 7 most biologically important Chemical Groups 1.Hydroxl 2.Carbonyl 3.Carboxyl 4.Amino 5.Sulfhydryl 6.Phosphate 7.Methyl

39. Important source of energy ATP ( _____________ _____________)

40. Important source of energy ATP ( adenosine triphosphate)

41. ATP reaction with ______ gives ______ one ________leaves becoming an ___ ___ ___ O 3 -2 often abbreviated and _______ is released

42. ATP reaction with water gives energy one phosphate leaves becoming an HOPO 3 -2 often abbreviated and energy is released

43. End of Chapter 4