1. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 1 Lecture 24 Slide 1 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Physics of Technology PHYS 1800 Lecture 24 Climate Change

2. Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 2 Lecture 24 Slide 2 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 PHYSICS OF TECHNOLOGY Spring 2009 Assignment Sheet *Homework Handout

3. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 3 Lecture 24 Slide 3 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 The Flow of Heat –In radiation, heat energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves. The electromagnetic waves involved in the transfer of heat lie primarily in the infrared portion of the spectrum. Unlike conduction and convection, which both require a medium to travel through, radiation can take place across a vacuum. For example, the evacuated space in a thermos bottle. The radiation is reduced to a minimum by silvering the facing walls of the evacuated space.

4. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 4 Lecture 24 Slide 4 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 What heat-flow processes are involved in the greenhouse effect? Heat Flow and the Greenhouse Effect E in E out

5. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 5 Lecture 24 Slide 5 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Energy Balance (Conservation of Energy) INOUT energy temperature

6. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 6 Lecture 24 Slide 6 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Energy Balance (Energy Conserved) INOUT Constant Temperature (Equilibrium)

7. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 7 Lecture 24 Slide 7 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Energy Balance (Excess Energy) IN OUT Warming

8. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 8 Lecture 24 Slide 8 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Energy Balance (Energy Deficit) IN OUT Cooling

9. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 9 Lecture 24 Slide 9 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 IN Source: NOAA Solar Input E in E out

10. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 10 Lecture 24 Slide 10 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Blackbody Radiation Problem The peak wavelength is Energy density (J/cm 3 ) Wavelength (  m) max Wien’s law Observations: Stephan-Boltzmann Law: All bodies at T>0 K emit EM radiation. This process is called blackbody radiation. The hotter the body, the more intensity and the higher the average frequency of the emitted light. Blackbody radiation spectrum depends only on the temperature of the surfaces of the object.

11. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 11 Lecture 24 Slide 11 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 IN Solar Input The peak wavelength is Wien’s law The peak of the solar spectrum is at ~0.450 um wavelength (in the green). This corresponds to a solar temperature of ~5800 K. Stephan-Boltzmann Law: For a solar radius of 7·10 8 m, and radiating surface area of 4/3 π r 2, the solar irradiance is J Sun = W.

12. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 12 Lecture 24 Slide 12 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 IN Solar Input The energy density at the average Earth radius is Power Density at Earth’s Radius Power Input for Earth The total power intercepted by the Earth is

13. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 13 Lecture 24 Slide 13 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 OUT Visible Reflection Infrared Emission Infrared Trapping E in E out

14. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 14 Lecture 24 Slide 14 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 OUT Visible Reflection E in E out Table 1. Surface Albedos SurfaceAlbedo Vegetation0.2 Pale soil0.3 Dark soil0.1 Water0.1 Clouds0.5-0.9

15. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 15 Lecture 24 Slide 15 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 OUT Infrared Emission E in E out Stephan-Boltzmann Law: Here use the surface area of the Earth and the equilibrium temperature of the Earth.

16. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 16 Lecture 24 Slide 16 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 OUT Infrared Trapping E in E out This is the greenhouse effect. First solve the equilibrium problem without this term and then with it.

17. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 17 Lecture 24 Slide 17 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 OUT Without Infrared Trapping E in E out

18. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 18 Lecture 24 Slide 18 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 OUT With Infrared Trapping E in E out Measured average T is ~ 298 K = 25 C Difference due to greenhouse effect is ~12 C

19. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 19 Lecture 24 Slide 19 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 CO 2 Concentration Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning CO 2 [ppmv] Paleo climate Temperature Years Before Present

20. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 20 Lecture 24 Slide 20 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 CO 2 Concentration Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning CO 2 [ppmv] Glacial Paleo climate Years Before Present Temperature

21. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 21 Lecture 24 Slide 21 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 feedbackstriggers Sun

22. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 22 Lecture 24 Slide 22 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 Mars Earth Venus Mercury 333° F+855° F59° F-67° F

23. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 23 Lecture 24 Slide 23 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 feedbackstriggers Sun

24. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 24 Lecture 24 Slide 24 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 CO 2 Concentration Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning CO 2 [ppmv] Paleo climate Temperature Years Before Present

25. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 25 Lecture 24 Slide 25 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 CO 2 Concentration Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning CO 2 [ppmv] Paleo climate Temperature Years Before Present

26. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 26 Lecture 24 Slide 26 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 Today’s CO 2 Concentration Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning CO 2 [ppmv] CO 2 Concentration Temperature Years Before Present

27. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 27 Lecture 24 Slide 27 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 MODELS

28. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 28 Lecture 24 Slide 28 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009

29. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 29 Lecture 24 Slide 29 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 feedbackstriggers Sun

30. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 30 Lecture 24 Slide 30 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 1980

31. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 31 Lecture 24 Slide 31 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 2007

32. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 32 Lecture 24 Slide 32 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 Today’s CO 2 Concentration Projected Concentration After 50 More Years of Unrestricted Fossil Fuel Burning CO 2 [ppmv] CO 2 Concentration Temperature Years Before Present

33. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 33 Lecture 24 Slide 33 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000 300 500 400 600 180 200 220 240 260 280 After 45 More Years of current energy use patterns CO 2 [ppmv] Today’s CO 2 Concentration 300 CO 2 Concentration Temperature Years Before Present

34. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 34 Lecture 24 Slide 34 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 WARMING ground observations satellite observations balloon data sea surface temps permafrost melt mtn. glacier retreat polar ice cap retreat continental ice sheet retreat tree rings coral reef cores ocean sediment cores ice cores BIOLOGICAL DATA

35. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 35 Lecture 24 Slide 35 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 A Preponderance of Evidence

36. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 36 Lecture 24 Slide 36 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 These folks agree... Source: IPCC TAR National Academy of Sciences (United States of America) Royal Society (United Kingdom) Royal Irish Academy Academié des Sciences (France) Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (Germany) Accademia dei Lincei (Italy) Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Royal Society of Canada Russian Academy of Sciences Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Sciences and the Arts Science Council of Japan Chinese Academy of Sciences Indian National Science Academy Australian Academy of Sciences Academy Council of the Royal Society of New Zealand Academia Brasliiera de Ciências (Brazil) Caribbean Academy of Sciences Indonesian Academy of Sciences Academy of Sciences Malaysia

37. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 37 Lecture 24 Slide 37 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 And these folks... American Meteorological Society American Meteorological Society (AMS) American Geophysical Union (AGU) NASA's Goddard Institute NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies (GISS) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (N National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)AR) State of the Canadian Cryosphere (SOCC) CanCanadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (CMOS) Geological Society of Americaeological Society of America Geological Geological Society of London

38. Climate Change Introduction Section 0 Lecture 1 Slide 38 Lecture 24 Slide 38 INTRODUCTION TO Modern Physics PHYX 2710 Fall 2004 Physics of Technology—PHYS 1800 Spring 2009 American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) American Physical Society / American Institute of Physics American Chemical Society And these folks...