1. NYC College of Technology, November 8, 2012 Eugene M. Chudnovsky 100 YEARS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

2. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (Door meten tot weten – Knowledge through measurement) Born September 21, 1853, Groningen, Netherlands Died on February 21, 1926, Leiden, Netherlands 1871 – 1879: Education at Universities of Groningen and Heidelberg 1871 – 1873: Undergraduate research with Gustav Kirchhoff 1871: Gold Medal in student competition from University of Utrecht 1872: Silver medal in student competition from University of Groningen 1878 - 1982: Assistant Professor at the Polytechnicum at Delft 1881: Theory of liquids (inspired by work of Van der Waals and Lorentz) 1882: Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Leiden 1883: Member of Dutch Academy of Sciences 1887: Married to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld 1904: Kamerlingh Onnes lab becomes world’s largest cryogenics laboratory 1908: Liquefaction of helium, cooling helium down to 0.9K 1911: Discovery of superconductivity of pure metals at low temperatures 1913: Nobel Prize in physics “For his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led to the production of liquid helium”.

3. Discovery of superconductivity of mercury Leiden, April 8, 1911 Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911 Helium liquefier with mercury sample Copy of original experimental figure

4. 1911 Rutherford, atomic nucleus 1913 Bohr, atomic orbits 1913 Bragg, X-ray diffraction 1923 De Broglie,waves of matterBose & Enstein,statistics Pauli,exclusion law 1925 Fermi, statistics 1925 Heisenberg, transition amplitude 1926 Born & Jordan, matrix QMSchrodinger equation 1926 uncertainty 1928 Dirac equation 1927 Sommerfeld, metals (Students: Heisenberg,Pauli, Debye,Bethe,Brillouin,Rabi) 19231924 1915 Einstein, general relativity 1927 Heitler & London chemical bonds Sommerfeld, atoms 1916 Goudsmit & Uhlenbeck,spin 1925 1927 complementarity Hartree & Fock QM of many particles 19301927 Bloch, von Neumann, Landau density matrix

5. ElementSymbolTc (K)Tc (°C)Tc (°F) AluminiumAl1.75-271-457 BerylliumBe0.03-273-460 CadmiumCd0.52-273-459 GalliumGa1.08-272-458 HafniumHf0.13-273-459 MercuryHg4.15-269-452 IndiumIn3.41-270-454 IridiumIr0.11-273-459 LanthanumLa4.88-268-451 MolybdenumMo0.92-272-458 NiobiumNb9.25-264-443 OsmiumOs0.66-272-458 LeadPb7.2-266-447 RheniumRe1.7-271-457 RutheniumRu0.49-273-459 TinSn3.72-269-453 TantalumTa4.47-269-452 TechnetiumTc7.8-265-446 ThoriumTh1.38-272-457 TitaniumTi0.4-273-459 TelluriumTl2.38-271-455 VanadiumV5.4-268-450 TungstenW0.02-273-460 ZincZn0.85-272-458 ZirconiumZr0.61-273-459

6. Walther Meissner (Max Planck, Bavarian Academy of Sci) Discovery of Meissner Effect in Superconductors, Berlin 1933 Naturwissenschaften 21, p. 787 (1933) Robert Ochsenfeld

7. Fritz London and Heinz London (Max von Laue, U. of Berlin, England,Paris,Duke) (dilution refrigerator) London equations 1935 Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A149,71 (1935).

8. Pyotr Kapitsa (Ernest Rutherford) Nobel Prize 1978 Lev Landau (Niels Bohr) (1908 – 1968, Kharkov - 1938 ) Density matrix – 1927 Landau levels – 1930 Fermi-liquid 1956 Superfluidity of liquid helium Experiment: Kapitsa 1937 [Nature 141, 74 (1937)] (John Allen, Don Misener) Theory: Landau 1941 [Phys. Rev. 60, 356 (1941)] Nobel Prize 1962 Shubnikov-deHaas,Leiden,Kharkov,1937

9. Vitaly Ginzburg (Igor Tamm) Lev Landau Ginzburg-Landau Theory of Superconductivity, 1950 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 20, 1064 (1950) 2003 Nobel Prize in physics Relativistic Higgs model 1964:

10. Abrikosov vortices 1957 Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 32, 1442 (1957) Nobel Prize in physics 2003 Alexey Abrikosov (Lev Landau)

11. Quantum Theory of Many Body Systems Classical 1D spin chain: Quantum : Hans Bethe, 1906-2005 (Arnold Sommerfeld, Crystal Field 1929, Review 1933: SC is a many-body quantum phenomenon, U. of Tubingen, Cornell, Manhattan Project) Nobel Prize 1967 Bethe anzatz, 1931: Exact solution for 1D AFM chain of spins ½ Zeitschrift fur Physik, v. 71, p. 205 (1931) No exact solution is known in 1D for spins greater than ½ No exact solution is known for any spin in D > 1 Dirac, Heisenberg -1926

12. BCS Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity 1957 Phys. Rev. 106, p. 162 (1957) U. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 John Bardeen 1908-1991 (Wisconsin - Van Vleck, Geophysics, Princeton - Wigner, Bell labs, Brattain, Shockley, transistor) Leon Cooper (Bronx HS of Sci, Columbia U.) Robert Schrieffer (MIT-Slater,Bardeen,NYC subway) Cooper pairs Herbert Fröhlich (Arnold Sommerfeld, U. of Freiburg,Yakov Frenkel,England)

13. Brian David Josephson (Brian Pippard, Philip Anderson) Trinity College, Cambridge – England Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 Josephson Effect Theory: Josephson 1962 [Phys. Lett. 1, 251 (1962)] Experiment: Ivar Giaever 1960 [Phys. Rev. Lett. 5, 464 (1960)] SQUID magnetometer: Sensitivity = 10 -14 T (September 2011, Giaever: "In the APS it is OK to discuss whether the mass of the proton changes over time and how a multi-universe behaves, but the evidence of global warming is incontrovertible?)

14. Johannes Bednorz Karl Alex Muller High Temperature Superconductivity, 1986 Zeitschrift fur Physik B 64, 189 (1986) IBM Research Lab, Zurich Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 La 2-x Ba x CuO 4 YBa YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 Cu O LaFeAsO35K93K50K+

15. High-Temperature Superconductivity 1986 – 2012

16. Ivan Bozovic, BNL Pinning Down Superconductivity to a Single Atomic Layer by THz Spectroscopy Prediction (IB): High-temperature superconductivity has a simple mechanism that will be explained in the next decade in a 4-page Physical Review Letter

17. I : moment of inertia of the cell K: torsion constant of the rod Change of rotational inertia, I, can be detected by increase (or decrease) of the resonant oscillation period,  o. Helium Supersolid 2004 Nature 427, p. 225 (2004) Penn State University Drive Detection Torsion rod Torsion cell Eun-Seong Kim Moses Chan

19. "Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible." Lord Kelvin, President of Royal Society, 1895.