1. Optical Displays Module Thomas D. Anthopoulos EXSS Group Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London October 2014

2. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Course Description Course Description (5 ECTS) This module will offer an introduction to the field of optical displays, covering the technologies currently in use and those expected to feature in the next generation of display technologies. The module will offer a short introduction the different kinds of optical displays available, and will briefly discuss the current driving forces governing market trends. The lectures will discuss the way in which the human eye operates and how it affects the way in which we perceive optical displays. The course will then move on to cover all of the physical and technical properties associated with understanding and characterizing optical displays, such as luminous power, luminous efficiencies and understanding the 1931 CIE colour space standard etc. The lectures will cover the various technical approaches applied in the manufacture of different optical displays; the physical structure of the displays as well as their operating principles will be discussed in detail, including a summary of the main areas we need to address for future display technologies. ActivitiesPercentage Homework20 Presentation10 Middle Term Exam20 Final Exam50 Grading Thomas D. Anthopoulos

3. Aim of the course Aim Investigate properties of optical display technologies: - currently in use - and those being developed

4. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Aim of the course Aim Investigate properties of optical display technologies: - currently in use - and those being developed What you will discover How to quantitatively asses the quality of an optical display Main problems researchers need to solve for each technology

5. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Content Quantifying important display properties Colourimetry and cathode ray tubes Non-emissive displays - Liquid crystals - Electrophoretic - Electrochromic - Micromirrors Emissive displays - Plasma, vacuum fluorescent - Field emission - Thin film electroluminescence - Inorganic LEDs Organic LED based displays Thin-Film Transistors and circuits

6. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Introduction - What are optical displays used for? - What drives the displays market? - What types of display are there? What are the important properties of an optical display? How can important display properties be quantified? Quantifying important display properties

7. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What are optical displays used for? Four main applications: Computer monitors TVs Mobile Phones / iPads etc. Notebook, PCs etc.

8. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What are optical displays used for? Point of sales Shop and transport signs Advertising Cash machines Watches Phones Camcorders Digital cameras E-readers Wearable displays Smart cards Projection TVs Home appliances (DVD, video and Hi Fi) Games / toys EntertainmentPortableInformation Future Also: Instrument panels (cars, planes, trains) Industrial machines Interfaces Medical imaging PDAs Education Many more….. Four main applications: Computer monitors TVs Mobile Phones / iPads etc. Notebook, PCs etc.

9. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What drives the displays market? One of largest technology markets, and growing rapidly…. Size of market: >> $100 billion Trends: Increasing share of flat panel displays - Flat panels have the vast majority of the market Flat panel display market dominated by LCDs Many technologies co-exist

10. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What drives the displays market? Why is displays market growing? Initially: Desire to replace bulky cathode ray tubes (CRT) Currently: Increase in number of portable devices (phones, PDA etc) with displays - Display size, weight, ruggedness and battery life Information explosion! - Mobile internet etc

11. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Liquid Crystal Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays

12. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Liquid crystal displays How can these be improved?

13. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Electrophoretic displays - - - -- -- - + + + + + ++ + Transparent fluid Positively charged white pigment chips Negatively charged black pigment chips

14. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Electrophoretic displays - - - -- -- - + + + + + ++ + Transparent fluid Positively charged white pigment chips Negatively charged black pigment chips Newspaper Electrophoretic display with extremely low power consumption (e-ink) Could these really replace paper?

15. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Liquid Crystal Electro- chromic Electro- phoretic Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays Micro- mirror

16. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube Plasma Liquid Crystal Electro- chromic Electro- phoretic Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays Micro- mirror

17. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube PlasmaElectroluminescence Liquid Crystal Thin film EL Electro- chromic Electro- phoretic Inorganic LEDs Field emission Vacuum fluorescent Inorganic Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays Micro- mirror

18. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Thin film electroluminescent displays Display, driver and power supply all thin enough to fit inside credit card! (Pelikon) Can higher brightnesses be achieved? Electrodes Thin film phosphor / ceramic laminate ~200  m

19. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube PlasmaElectroluminescence Liquid Crystal Thin film EL Electro- chromic Electro- phoretic Inorganic LEDs Field emission Vacuum fluorescent Inorganic Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays Micro- mirror

20. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube PlasmaElectroluminescence Liquid Crystal Thin film ELOrganic LEDs Electro- chromic Electro- phoretic Inorganic LEDs Field emission Vacuum fluorescent OrganicInorganic Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays Micro- mirror

21. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Organic LEDs Organic molecules or polymers

22. Thomas D. Anthopoulos Organic LEDs Wide viewing angle (Pioneer) Flexible / wearable displays What limits display efficiencies and lifetimes? Philips Organic molecules or polymers

23. Thomas D. Anthopoulos What types of display are out there? Cathode Ray Tube PlasmaElectroluminescence Liquid Crystal Thin film ELOrganic LEDs Electro- chromic Electro- phoretic Inorganic LEDs Field emission Vacuum fluorescent OrganicInorganic Non-emissiveEmissive Flat Panel Displays Micro- mirror Many different types and many questions to be answered!